The Role of IoT, AI and Sensors in Shaping Smart Cities: From Vision to Implementation – A Review

The concept of smart cities has evolved greatly over the years since its conception as just simply as ideas to realistic technological solutions whose net outcome is the transformation of the lives of the populace, their work ethics, and the interaction with the surrounding world. This discussion observes how intelligent urban developments have evolved, its historical background, technology and various approaches being applied globally. It focuses on the integration of devices that have internet access, artificial intelligence and big data processing in urban planning in pursuit of a more sustainable approach, the city and ideal distribution of resources. The challenges are also those that involve the issue of data privacy, technological disjuncture and intricate governance, and the possibility of opportunities and newness of the city. Despite the positive sides of smart cities, there is the issue of uneven access to technologies and the absence of regulation. As a rule, the review gives a nuanced insight into an existing change where tradeoffs are complex and require values and coordinated actions that maximize human wellbeing.