Published June 16, 2026 | Version v1

Figure 5 from: Xu R-F, Karunarathna SC, Hyde KD, Phukhamsakda C, Rapior S, Dai D-Q, Wang M-M, Ali S, Yang J-Y, Kakumyan P, Tibpromma S (2026) Screening and identification of fungal species associated with early-stage deterioration of natural rubber. MycoKeys 134: 119-156. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.134.195079

  • 1. Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand|College of Biology and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, China|Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Department of Education of the Deep-Time Evolution on Biodiversity from the Origin of the Pearl River, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, China|School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
  • 2. College of Biology and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, China|Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Department of Education of the Deep-Time Evolution on Biodiversity from the Origin of the Pearl River, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, China
  • 3. Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
  • 4. Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand|Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
  • 5. CEFE, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
  • 6. Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Department of Education of the Deep-Time Evolution on Biodiversity from the Origin of the Pearl River, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, China|College of Biology and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, China
  • 7. College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
  • 8. College of Agronomy and Biological Science, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, China
  • 9. School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand|Microbial Products and Innovations Research Group, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand|Advanced Microbial Metabolites and Phytochemical Technology, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand

Description

Figure 5 SEM observations of surface alteration and fungal colonization on natural rubber discs after fungal incubation. a1–a5. Rubber discs after 1 day of incubation; b1–b5. Rubber discs after 2 months of fungal incubation; c1–c5. Rubber discs after washing and drying prior to SEM analysis (red circles indicate sampled regions); d1–d5. SEM images of rubber disc surfaces; e1–e4. Fungal hyphae and mycelial networks observed on rubber surfaces (red arrows indicate fungal structures); f1–f4. Surface fissures and cracks observed on rubber discs after fungal incubation (red arrows indicate cracks); d5, e5, f5. Uninoculated control discs observed under SEM. Scale bars: 500 μm (d1–d5), 200 μm (e1, f4), 300 μm (e3, e5, f5), 100 μm (e2, e4, f1–f3).

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Journal article: 10.3897/mycokeys.134.195079 (DOI)
Journal article: https://zenodo.org/record/20742861 (URL)