Published July 21, 2026
| Version v19.8.2
Preprint
Open
Reconstructive Threshold Philosophy: Pre-Action Capture, Living Constraint, and Founder Entropy
Description
Reconstructive Threshold Philosophy (RTF) examines how an action path can become difficult to alter before a person, institution, public, or machine-mediated system experiences a decision as complete. Its central diagnostic, **pre-action capture**, names the loss or material weakening of usable alterability before binding. Capture does not require a deliberate captor. It may arise through habit, authority, workload, interface design, technical coupling, economic pressure, or their conjunction. The framework therefore looks beyond isolated intention to the path through which interpretation, permission, handoff, and execution become consequential, while retaining persons, institutions, and affected parties as bearers of responsibility and standing.
The architecture has three pillars and one hinge. **Pre-action capture** diagnoses closure before choice. **Living constraint** names arrangements that allow judgment to inspect, refuse, revise, interrupt, release, and repair without making delay sovereign. **Founder entropy** is present only where three jointly necessary conditions hold: inherited permission remains operative after its justificatory conditions have materially changed, reopening has become materially reduced, and a traceable pathway shows that the originating act, mission, institution, safeguard, or name authorises present motion in place of renewed judgment. **Assistance without occupation** distinguishes help that returns judgment from help that substitutes for it. Cases are located through five coordinates: temporal phase, site or register, capacity at stake, binding form, and material distribution and control. The interval is not empty time or a private mental chamber, but a contested temporal and practical field in which authority, evidence, bodily condition, alternatives, and cost are unevenly distributed.
RTF follows action both before and after binding. A defeasible post-entry grammar maps opening, recruitment, acceleration, propagation, capacity migration, sedimentation, inherited permission, closure burden, adaptive capture, and founder entropy. This is not a fixed life cycle: every relation must be supported, and a case may stop, branch, reverse, or show no such transition. Primary-record studies test different parts of the architecture. Robodebt shows how information and local correction can return while a load-bearing authority path remains intact. The TCAS resolution-advisory regime shows that urgent action can remain answerable when authority, scope, release, training, and later review are bounded in advance. The Cruise pedestrian incident shows how perception, policy, actuation, remote assistance, evidence custody, and regulatory authority can form a distributed binding configuration. The 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force is used more narrowly to examine inherited permission and closure burden. The record supports informational, corrective, and architectural return; stronger claims about later regenerative reopening remain evidentially open.
The essay also distinguishes broad social and democratic **distributed threshold capacity** from a chain-level socio-technical companion analysis concerned with whether usable alteration and the information required to recognise it survive across actors, tools, systems, and handoffs. This chain-level analysis is not a technical control stack, permanent-veto doctrine, certification scheme, or cure for founder entropy. Methodologically, RTF combines conceptual analysis, comparison with neighbouring traditions, primary records, negative controls, and re-entrant audit. It must narrow or lose claims where no binding form can be shown, where a rival account explains the case with less conceptual burden, where material deprivation is redescribed as an attention problem, or where its own vocabulary reduces contestability and repair. RTF is not an empirical psychology, clinical method, legal opinion, engineering specification, compliance protocol, machine-consciousness theory, or complete political programme. Its final norm is **accountable motion**: action that preserves enough of the interval for judgment to matter and remains answerable to evidence, affected testimony, public reasons, continuity, and repair.
Files
reconstructive_threshold_philosophy_v19_8_2_Emre_Ertuhi.pdf
Files
(7.7 MB)
| Name | Size | Download all |
|---|---|---|
|
md5:c6ed1505dd2bd85f060b269a01008f76
|
7.7 MB | Preview Download |
Additional details
Related works
- Is part of
- Report: 10.5281/zenodo.20784595 (DOI)
- Is supplemented by
- Report: 10.5281/zenodo.20778232 (DOI)
Dates
- Created
-
2026-05-24Creation date of this public manuscript version.
- Updated
-
2026-06-03
- Updated
-
2026-06-04
- Updated
-
2026-06-05
- Updated
-
2026-06-07
- Updated
-
2026-06-09
- Updated
-
2026-06-10
- Updated
-
2026-06-14
- Updated
-
2026-06-16
- Updated
-
2026-06-21
- Updated
-
2026-07-02
- Updated
-
2026-07-21
Software
- Repository URL
- https://github.com/emreertuhi/architecture-of-the-liminal
References
- Ackerman, Bruce. "The Emergency Constitution." *Yale Law Journal* 113, no. 5 (2004): 1029-1091.
- Ingber, Rebecca. "Co-Belligerency." *Yale Journal of International Law* 42 (2017): 67-133.
- Mahoney, James. "Path Dependence in Historical Sociology." *Theory and Society* 29, no. 4 (2000): 507-548. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007113830879.
- Pierson, Paul. "Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics." *American Political Science Review* 94, no. 2 (2000): 251-267. https://doi.org/10.2307/2586011.
- Savell, Stephanie. *The 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force: A Comprehensive Look at Where and How It Has Been Used*. Costs of War, Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs, Brown University, 2021.
- United States Congress. *Authorization for Use of Military Force*. Public Law 107-40, 115 Stat. 224, September 18, 2001.
- United States Congress. *Congressional Record*, 107th Cong., 1st sess., September 14, 2001.
- United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. *Authorization for Use of Military Force after Iraq and Afghanistan*. S. Hrg. 113-459, May 21, 2014.
- Federal Aviation Administration. *Advisory Circular 120-55C: Air Carrier Operational Approval and Use of TCAS II*. February 23, 2011b.
- Federal Aviation Administration. *InFO 08039: Responding to a TCAS Resolution Advisory - Fly the RA*. June 20, 2008.
- Federal Aviation Administration. *Introduction to TCAS II*. 2011a.
- Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accident Investigation (BFU). *Investigation Report AX001-1-2/02: Collision near Überlingen on 1 July 2002*. May 2004. ICAO-hosted official report.
- California Department of Motor Vehicles. *Order of Suspension: Cruise LLC Autonomous Vehicle Deployment Permit*. October 24, 2023.
- California Public Utilities Commission. *Decision 24-07-004*. July 2024.
- California Public Utilities Commission. *Order to Show Cause Why Cruise LLC Should Not Be Fined, Penalized, and/or Receive Other Regulatory Sanctions*. December 1, 2023.
- National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. *Consent Order: Cruise; Standing General Order Reporting*. September 26, 2024.
- Australian Government. *Government Response to the Royal Commission into the Robodebt Scheme*. Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, November 2023. https://www.pmc.gov.au/resources/government-response-royal-commission-robodebt-scheme.
- Australian Government. *Robodebt Royal Commission Implementation Update*. Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, March 2026. https://www.pmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/resource/download/robodebt-royal-commission-implementation-update-march-2026.pdf.
- Commonwealth Ombudsman. *Centrelink's Automated Debt Raising and Recovery System*. Report No. 2/2017. Commonwealth of Australia, April 2017. https://www.ombudsman.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0022/43528/Report-Centrelinks-automated-debt-raising-and-recovery-system-April-2017.pdf.
- Commonwealth Ombudsman. *Services Australia: Income Compliance Program*. Commonwealth of Australia, 2021. https://www.ombudsman.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0014/112442/Services-Australias-Income-Compliance-Report.pdf.
- Royal Commission into the Robodebt Scheme. *Report of the Royal Commission into the Robodebt Scheme*. Vol. 1. Commonwealth of Australia, 2023. https://robodebt.royalcommission.gov.au/publications/report.
- Adorno, Theodor W. Negative Dialectics. Translated by E. B. Ashton. Continuum, 1973.
- Adorno, Theodor W. "Theorie der Halbbildung." In Gesammelte Schriften, vol. 8, Soziologische Schriften I, edited by Rolf Tiedemann. Suhrkamp, 1972. Originally published 1959.
- Agafonow, Alejandro, and Marybel Perez. "OpenAI and the New Commons Tragedy of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI): A Micro-Constitutional Approach to Governing AGI." *Technological Forecasting and Social Change* 228 (2026): 124680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2026.124680.
- Agamben, Giorgio. "What Is an Apparatus?" In What Is an Apparatus? and Other Essays. Stanford University Press, 2009.
- Althusser, Louis. "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses." In Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays. Monthly Review Press, 1971.
- Amoore, Louise. The Politics of Possibility: Risk and Security Beyond Probability. Duke University Press, 2013.
- Anderson, Elizabeth S. "What Is the Point of Equality?" Ethics 109, no. 2 (1999): 287-337.
- Arendt, Hannah. The Human Condition. University of Chicago Press, 1958.
- Arendt, Hannah. The Origins of Totalitarianism. Harcourt, 1951.
- Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics. Translated by Terence Irwin. 2nd ed. Hackett, 1999.
- Aristotle. Politics. Translated by C. D. C. Reeve. Hackett, 2017.
- Arthur, W. Brian. "Competing Technologies, Increasing Returns, and Lock-In by Historical Events." The Economic Journal 99, no. 394 (1989): 116-131. https://doi.org/10.2307/2234208.
- Asad, Talal. Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity. Stanford University Press, 2003.
- Assmann, Aleida. Cultural Memory and Western Civilization: Functions, Media, Archives. Cambridge University Press, 2011.
- Assmann, Jan. Cultural Memory and Early Civilization: Writing, Remembrance, and Political Imagination. Cambridge University Press, 2011.
- Barbieri, Alberto. "What Is Pre-Reflective Self-Consciousness an Awareness Of? An Argument for the Egological View." *The Southern Journal of Philosophy* 63, no. 4 (2025): 533-552. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjp.12614.
- Barker, Roger G. Ecological Psychology: Concepts and Methods for Studying the Environment of Human Behavior. Stanford University Press, 1968.
- Battaly, Heather. Virtue. Polity, 2015.
- Beer, Stafford. Brain of the Firm. 2nd ed. John Wiley, 1981.
- Beer, Stafford. Diagnosing the System for Organizations. John Wiley, 1985.
- Bellah, Robert N., Richard Madsen, William M. Sullivan, Ann Swidler, and Steven M. Tipton. Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life. University of California Press, 1985.
- Biale, Enrico, and Giulia Bistagnino. "Enhancing Democratic Expertise Through Intra-Party Deliberation." *Constellations* 32, no. 3 (2025): 493-502. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8675.12771.
- Bourdieu, Pierre. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Translated by Richard Nice. Harvard University Press, 1984. Originally published 1979.
- Bourdieu, Pierre. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Translated by Richard Nice. Cambridge University Press, 1977.
- Bourdieu, Pierre. "The Forms of Capital." In Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, edited by John G. Richardson, 241-258. Greenwood, 1986.
- Brennan, Jason. Against Democracy. Princeton University Press, 2016.
- Bruder, Ignas M. "From Mission Drift to Practice Drift: Theorizing Drift Processes in Social Enterprises and Beyond." *Organization Studies* 46, no. 3 (2025): 385-407. https://doi.org/10.1177/01708406251314591.
- Brunsson, Nils. The Organization of Hypocrisy: Talk, Decisions and Actions in Organizations. 2nd ed. Copenhagen Business School Press, 2002.
- Chakrabarty, Dipesh. Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference. Princeton University Press, 2000.
- Collins, Harry, and Robert Evans. Rethinking Expertise. University of Chicago Press, 2007.
- Couldry, Nick, and Ulises A. Mejias. The Costs of Connection: How Data Is Colonizing Human Life and Appropriating It for Capitalism. Stanford University Press, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781503609754.
- Crary, Jonathan. 24/7: Late Capitalism and the Ends of Sleep. Verso, 2013.
- Dahl, Robert A. Democracy and Its Critics. Yale University Press, 1989.
- Dahl, Robert A. On Democracy. Yale University Press, 1998.
- Derrida, Jacques. "Faith and Knowledge: The Two Sources of 'Religion' at the Limits of Reason Alone." In Religion, edited by Jacques Derrida and Gianni Vattimo. Stanford University Press, 1998.
- Dewey, John. Reconstruction in Philosophy. Henry Holt and Company, 1920.
- DiMaggio, Paul J., and Walter W. Powell. "The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields." American Sociological Review 48, no. 2 (1983): 147-160.
- Dryzek, John S. Deliberative Democracy and Beyond: Liberals, Critics, Contestations. Oxford University Press, 2000.
- Eisenstadt, S. N. "Multiple Modernities." Daedalus 129, no. 1 (2000): 1-29.
- Elias, Norbert. The Civilizing Process. Translated by Edmund Jephcott. Blackwell, 2000. Originally published 1939.
- Estlund, David. Democratic Authority: A Philosophical Framework. Princeton University Press, 2008.
- Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Translated by Alan Sheridan. Vintage, 1977.
- Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality, Volume 1: An Introduction. Translated by Robert Hurley. Pantheon, 1978.
- Frank, Manfred. "In Defence of Pre-Reflective Self-Consciousness: The Heidelberg View." Review of Philosophy and Psychology 13, no. 2 (2022): 277-293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-022-00619-z.
- Frankfurt, Harry G. "Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person." The Journal of Philosophy 68, no. 1 (1971): 5-20. https://doi.org/10.2307/2024717.
- Frankfurt, Harry G. On Bullshit. Princeton University Press, 2005.
- Fraser, Nancy. "Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy." Social Text 25/26 (1990): 56-80.
- Freire, Paulo. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. Translated by Myra Bergman Ramos. Continuum, 1970.
- Fricker, Miranda. Epistemic Injustice: Power and the Ethics of Knowing. Oxford University Press, 2007.
- Fung, Archon. Empowered Participation: Reinventing Urban Democracy. Princeton University Press, 2004.
- Gibson, James J. The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Houghton Mifflin, 1979.
- Gigerenzer, Gerd, Peter M. Todd, and the ABC Research Group. Simple Heuristics That Make Us Smart. Oxford University Press, 1999.
- Gigerenzer, Gerd. Gut Feelings: The Intelligence of the Unconscious. Viking, 2007.
- Goffman, Erving. Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Harvard University Press, 1974.
- Gramsci, Antonio. Selections from the Prison Notebooks. Edited and translated by Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith. Lawrence & Wishart, 1971. Written 1929-1935.
- Habermas, Jürgen. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. Translated by Thomas Burger. MIT Press, 1989. Originally published 1962.
- Habermas, Jürgen. The Theory of Communicative Action. Translated by Thomas McCarthy. Beacon Press, 1984-1987. Originally published 1981.
- Han, Byung-Chul. Psychopolitics: Neoliberalism and New Technologies of Power. Verso, 2017. Originally published 2014.
- Han, Byung-Chul. Saving Beauty. Translated by Daniel Steuer. Polity, 2017.
- Han, Byung-Chul. The Burnout Society. Stanford University Press, 2015.
- Han, Byung-Chul. The Scent of Time: A Philosophical Essay on the Art of Lingering. Polity, 2017. Originally published 2009.
- Hayek, F. A. "The Use of Knowledge in Society." American Economic Review 35, no. 4 (1945): 519-530.
- Heft, Harry. "Behaviour Settings, Situated Action, and Complexity Theory." *Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B* 379 (2024): 20230284. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2023.0284.
- Heidegger, Martin. "The Question Concerning Technology." In The Question Concerning Technology and Other Essays. Translated by William Lovitt. Harper & Row, 1977.
- Heijmeskamp, Thijs. "Grasping the Situation: Analyzing How Situational Dynamics Shape Agency." *Frontiers in Psychology* 15 (2024): 1392995. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1392995.
- Helmreich, Stefan. Sounding the Limits of Life: Essays in the Anthropology of Biology and Beyond. Princeton University Press, 2016.
- Holst, Cathrine. "Democratizing Expertise: The Epistemic Approach." *Social Epistemology* 39, no. 6 (2025): 699-715. https://doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2025.2453937.
- Horkheimer, Max, and Theodor W. Adorno. Dialectic of Enlightenment. Translated by Edmund Jephcott. Stanford University Press, 2002.
- Illich, Ivan. Deschooling Society. Harper & Row, 1971.
- Illich, Ivan. Tools for Conviviality. Harper & Row, 1973.
- Jasanoff, Sheila. "Technologies of Humility: Citizen Participation in Governing Science." Minerva 41, no. 3 (2003): 223-244.
- Jonas, Hans. The Imperative of Responsibility: In Search of an Ethics for the Technological Age. University of Chicago Press, 1984.
- Kahneman, Daniel. Thinking, Fast and Slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011.
- Lakatos, Imre. "Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes." In Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge, edited by Imre Lakatos and Alan Musgrave. Cambridge University Press, 1970.
- Landemore, Hélène. Democratic Reason: Politics, Collective Intelligence, and the Rule of the Many. Princeton University Press, 2013.
- Leibniz, G. W. "Discourse on Metaphysics" and "Monadology." In Philosophical Essays. Translated and edited by Roger Ariew and Daniel Garber. Hackett, 1989.
- Levinas, Emmanuel. Totality and Infinity: An Essay on Exteriority. Translated by Alphonso Lingis. Duquesne University Press, 1969.
- Lewin, Kurt. Field Theory in Social Science: Selected Theoretical Papers. Edited by Dorwin Cartwright. Harper & Brothers, 1951.
- Lippmann, Walter. Public Opinion. Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1922.
- Lippmann, Walter. The Phantom Public. Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1925.
- Machiavelli, Niccolò. Discourses on Livy. Translated by Julia Conaway Bondanella and Peter Bondanella. Oxford University Press, 1997. Originally published 1531.
- Machiavelli, Niccolò. The Prince. Translated by Harvey C. Mansfield. University of Chicago Press, 1998. Originally published 1532.
- Mansbridge, Jane. "Everyday Talk in the Deliberative System." In Deliberative Politics: Essays on Democracy and Disagreement, edited by Stephen Macedo. Oxford University Press, 1999.
- Marx, Karl. Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, Volume I. Translated by Ben Fowkes. Penguin, 1976.
- Massumi, Brian. Ontopower: War, Powers, and the State of Perception. Duke University Press, 2015.
- Mauss, Marcel. "Techniques of the Body." In Sociology and Psychology: Essays. Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979. Originally published 1934.
- Medina, José. The Epistemology of Resistance: Gender and Racial Oppression, Epistemic Injustice, and Resistant Imaginations. Oxford University Press, 2013.
- Merleau-Ponty, Maurice. Phenomenology of Perception. Translated by Donald A. Landes. Routledge, 2012.
- Meyer, John W., and Brian Rowan. "Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony." American Journal of Sociology 83, no. 2 (1977): 340-363.
- Michels, Robert. Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy. Translated by Eden and Cedar Paul. Free Press, 1962. Originally published 1911.
- Mill, John Stuart. Considerations on Representative Government. Parker, Son, and Bourn, 1861.
- Millière, Raphaël. "Constitutive Self-Consciousness." *Australasian Journal of Philosophy* 103, no. 3 (2025): 617-637. https://doi.org/10.1080/00048402.2024.2417750.
- Morozov, Evgeny. To Save Everything, Click Here: The Folly of Technological Solutionism. PublicAffairs, 2013.
- Nussbaum, Martha C. Not for Profit: Why Democracy Needs the Humanities. Princeton University Press, 2010.
- Oakeshott, Michael. "Rationalism in Politics." In Rationalism in Politics and Other Essays. Methuen, 1962.
- Ober, Josiah. Democracy and Knowledge: Innovation and Learning in Classical Athens. Princeton University Press, 2008.
- Ostrom, Elinor. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge University Press, 1990.
- O'Neil, Cathy. Weapons of Math Destruction. Crown, 2016.
- Pettit, Philip. Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government. Oxford University Press, 1997.
- Plato. Republic, Book VII, 514a-520a, the Cave Allegory. Translated by Paul Shorey in Plato in Twelve Volumes, Vols. 5-6. Harvard University Press, 1969.
- Plato. Republic, Book VIII, approximately 557a-569c, the sequence from democracy to tyranny and the democratic/tyrannical soul. Translated by Paul Shorey in Plato in Twelve Volumes, Vols. 5-6. Harvard University Press, 1969.
- Polanyi, Michael. The Tacit Dimension. Doubleday, 1966.
- Popper, Karl. The Open Society and Its Enemies. Routledge, 1945.
- Power, Michael. The Audit Society: Rituals of Verification. Oxford University Press, 1997.
- Putnam, Robert D. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. Simon & Schuster, 2000.
- Rancière, Jacques. The Ignorant Schoolmaster: Five Lessons in Intellectual Emancipation. Translated by Kristin Ross. Stanford University Press, 1991. Originally published 1987.
- Rouvroy, Antoinette, and Thomas Berns. "Algorithmic Governmentality and Prospects of Emancipation: Disparateness as a Precondition for Individuation through Relationships?" Réseaux 177, no. 1 (2013): 163-196. https://doi.org/10.3917/res.177.0163.
- Schön, Donald A. The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action. Basic Books, 1983.
- Scott, James C. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. Yale University Press, 1998.
- Shklar, Judith N. Ordinary Vices. Harvard University Press, 1984.
- Shklar, Judith N. "The Liberalism of Fear." In Liberalism and the Moral Life, edited by Nancy L. Rosenblum. Harvard University Press, 1989.
- Skinner, Quentin. Liberty Before Liberalism. Cambridge University Press, 1998.
- Spinoza, Benedict de. Ethics. In The Collected Works of Spinoza, Volume I. Translated by Edwin Curley. Princeton University Press, 1985.
- Streeck, Wolfgang, and Kathleen Thelen, eds. Beyond Continuity: Institutional Change in Advanced Political Economies. Oxford University Press, 2005.
- Taylor, Charles. Modern Social Imaginaries. Duke University Press, 2004.
- Tocqueville, Alexis de. Democracy in America. Translated by Harvey C. Mansfield and Delba Winthrop. University of Chicago Press, 2000. Originally published 1835-1840.
- Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt. The Mushroom at the End of the World: On the Possibility of Life in Capitalist Ruins. Princeton University Press, 2015.
- Virilio, Paul. Open Sky. Translated by Julie Rose. Verso, 1997.
- Virilio, Paul. Speed and Politics: An Essay on Dromology. Translated by Mark Polizzotti. Semiotext(e), 1986.
- von Foerster, Heinz. "Ethics and Second-Order Cybernetics." Cybernetics & Human Knowing 1, no. 1 (1992): 9-19.
- Weber, Max. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. Edited by Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich. University of California Press, 1978.
- Weil, Simone. "Reflections on the Right Use of School Studies with a View to the Love of God." In Waiting for God. Translated by Emma Craufurd. Harper Colophon ed. Harper & Row, 1973. English translation first published 1951.
- Williams, Bernard. Moral Luck. Cambridge University Press, 1981.
- Winner, Langdon. "Do Artifacts Have Politics?" Daedalus 109, no. 1 (1980): 121-136.
- Wittgenstein, Ludwig. Philosophical Investigations. Translated by G. E. M. Anscombe. Blackwell, 1953.
- Wolin, Sheldon S. "Fugitive Democracy." Constellations 1, no. 1 (1994): 11-25.
- Young, Iris Marion. Inclusion and Democracy. Oxford University Press, 2000.
- Zagzebski, Linda Trinkaus. Virtues of the Mind: An Inquiry into the Nature of Virtue and the Ethical Foundations of Knowledge. Cambridge University Press, 1996.
- Allegheny County Department of Human Services. Allegheny Family Screening Tool. Public documentation.
- Almada, Marco. "Human Intervention in Automated Decision-Making: Toward the Construction of Contestable Systems." In Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law (ICAIL '19), 2-11. ACM, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1145/3322640.3326699.
- American Civil Liberties Union. The Devil Is in the Details: Interrogating Values Embedded in the Allegheny Family Screening Tool. ACLU, 2023.
- Anthropic Safeguards Research Team. Constitutional Classifiers: Defending against Universal Jailbreaks across Thousands of Hours of Red Teaming. Anthropic, 2025.
- Bai, Yuntao, et al. "Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI Feedback." arXiv:2212.08073, 2022.
- Buçinca, Zana, Maja Barbara Malaya, and Krzysztof Z. Gajos. "To Trust or to Think: Cognitive Forcing Functions Can Reduce Overreliance on AI in AI-Assisted Decision-Making." Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5, CSCW1, Article 188 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3449287.
- Calvano, Emilio, Giacomo Calzolari, Vincenzo Denicolò, and Sergio Pastorello. "Artificial Intelligence, Algorithmic Pricing, and Collusion." American Economic Review 110, no. 10 (2020): 3267-3297. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20190623.
- Chicago Office of Inspector General. Advisory Concerning the Chicago Police Department's Predictive Risk Models. City of Chicago, January 23, 2020.
- De-Arteaga, Maria, Riccardo Fogliato, and Alexandra Chouldechova. "A Case for Humans-in-the-Loop: Decisions in the Presence of Erroneous Algorithmic Scores." In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376638.
- Elish, Madeleine Clare. "Moral Crumple Zones: Cautionary Tales in Human-Robot Interaction." Engaging Science, Technology, and Society 5 (2019): 40-60. https://doi.org/10.17351/ests2019.260.
- Eubanks, Virginia. Automating Inequality: How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor. St. Martin's Press, 2018.
- European Data Protection Supervisor. TechDispatch #2/2025: Human Oversight of Automated Decision-Making. EDPS, 2025.
- European Union. Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the Protection of Natural Persons with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and on the Free Movement of Such Data (General Data Protection Regulation). Official Journal of the European Union, 2016. See Article 22.
- European Union. Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 Laying Down Harmonised Rules on Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act). Official Journal of the European Union, 2024.
- Financial Stability Board. The Financial Stability Implications of Artificial Intelligence. FSB, 2024.
- Floridi, Luciano, and J. W. Sanders. "On the Morality of Artificial Agents." Minds and Machines 14 (2004): 349-379. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:MIND.0000035461.63578.9d.
- Green, Ben, and Yiling Chen. "Disparate Interactions: An Algorithm-in-the-Loop Analysis of Fairness in Risk Assessments." In Proceedings of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAT '19), 90-99. ACM, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1145/3287560.3287563.
- Green, Ben. "The Flaws of Policies Requiring Human Oversight of Government Algorithms." Computer Law & Security Review 45 (2022): 105681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2022.105681.
- Kirk, Hannah Rose, Bertie Vidgen, Paul Röttger, and Scott A. Hale. "Personalisation within Bounds: A Risk Taxonomy and Policy Framework for the Alignment of Large Language Models with Personalised Feedback." arXiv:2303.05453, 2023.
- Langer, Markus, Kevin Baum, and Nadine Schlicker. "Effective Human Oversight of AI-Based Systems: A Signal Detection Perspective on the Detection of Inaccurate and Unfair Outputs." *Minds and Machines* 35 (2025): Article 1. Published online November 5, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-024-09701-0.
- Laux, Johann, and Hannah Ruschemeier. "Automation Bias in the AI Act: On the Legal Implications of Attempting to De-Bias Human Oversight of AI." European Journal of Risk Regulation 16, no. 4 (2025): 1519-1534. https://doi.org/10.1017/err.2025.10033.
- National Institute of Standards and Technology. Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework: Generative Artificial Intelligence Profile. NIST AI 600-1. U.S. Department of Commerce, 2024. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.AI.600-1.
- OECD. Explanatory Memorandum on the Updated OECD Definition of an AI System. OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers, no. 8. OECD Publishing, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1787/623da898-en.
- Orseau, Laurent, and Stuart Armstrong. "Safely Interruptible Agents." In Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, 557-566. AUAI Press, 2016.
- Passi, Samir, and Solon Barocas. "Problem Formulation and Fairness." In Proceedings of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAT '19), 39-48. ACM, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1145/3287560.3287567.
- Santoni de Sio, Filippo, and Jeroen van den Hoven. "Meaningful Human Control over Autonomous Systems: A Philosophical Account." Frontiers in Robotics and AI 5 (2018): 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2018.00015.
- Saxena, Devansh, Karla Badillo-Urquiola, Pamela J. Wisniewski, and Shion Guha. "A Framework of High-Stakes Algorithmic Decision-Making for the Public Sector Developed through a Case Study of Child-Welfare." Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5, CSCW2, Article 440 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3476089.
- Selbst, Andrew D., danah boyd, Sorelle A. Friedler, Suresh Venkatasubramanian, and Janet Vertesi. "Fairness and Abstraction in Sociotechnical Systems." In Proceedings of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAT '19), 59-68. ACM, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1145/3287560.3287598.
- U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission and U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Findings Regarding the Market Events of May 6, 2010: Report of the Staffs of the CFTC and SEC to the Joint Advisory Committee on Emerging Regulatory Issues. September 30, 2010. https://www.sec.gov/files/marketevents-report.pdf.
- Vaithianathan, Rhema, Emily Putnam-Hornstein, Alexandra Chouldechova, Diana Benavides-Prado, and Rachel P. Berger. "Hospital Injury Encounters of Children Identified by a Predictive Risk Model for Screening Child Maltreatment Referrals: Evidence from the Allegheny Family Screening Tool." JAMA Pediatrics 174, no. 11 (2020): e202770. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.2770
- Argyris, Chris, and Donald A. Schön. Organizational Learning: A Theory of Action Perspective. Addison-Wesley, 1978.
- Ashby, W. Ross. Design for a Brain: The Origin of Adaptive Behaviour. Chapman & Hall, 1952.
- Bateson, Gregory. Steps to an Ecology of Mind. Chandler Publishing, 1972.
- Bieberich, Erhard. "Introduction to the Fractality Principle of Consciousness and the Sentyon Postulate." Cognitive Computation 4, no. 1 (2012): 13-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-011-9104-5.
- Fairclough, Stephen H. "Fundamentals of Physiological Computing." Interacting with Computers 21, nos. 1-2 (2009): 133-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intcom.2008.10.011.
- Orlikowski, Wanda J. "Using Technology and Constituting Structures: A Practice Lens for Studying Technology in Organizations." Organization Science 11, no. 4 (2000): 404-428. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.11.4.404.14600.
- Safron, Adam. "The Radically Embodied Conscious Cybernetic Bayesian Brain: From Free Energy to Free Will and Back Again." Entropy 23, no. 6 (2021): 783. https://doi.org/10.3390/e23060783.
- Strathern, Marilyn. "'Improving Ratings': Audit in the British University System." European Review 5, no. 3 (1997): 305-321. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1234-981X(199707)5:3<305::AID-EURO184>3.0.CO;2-4.
- Varela, Francisco J., Evan Thompson, and Eleanor Rosch. The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience. MIT Press, 1991.
- Amodei, Dario, Chris Olah, Jacob Steinhardt, Paul Christiano, John Schulman, and Dan Mané. "Concrete Problems in AI Safety." arXiv:1606.06565, 2016. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1606.06565.
- Ashby, W. Ross. An Introduction to Cybernetics. Chapman & Hall, 1956.
- Benedetti, A. "A Literature Review on 'Friction' as a Method for Critical Design." Convergências 16, no. 31 (2023): 137-144.
- Cox, Anna L., Sandy J. J. Gould, Marta E. Cecchinato, Ioanna Iacovides, and Ian Renfree. "Design Frictions for Mindful Interactions: The Case for Microboundaries." In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1389-1397. ACM, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1145/2851581.2892410.
- Hollan, James, Edwin Hutchins, and David Kirsh. "Distributed Cognition: Toward a New Foundation for Human-Computer Interaction Research." ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 7, no. 2 (2000): 174-196.
- Maturana, Humberto R., and Francisco J. Varela. Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living. D. Reidel, 1980.
- Pearl, Judea. Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2009.
- Weidenfeller, Johannes, et al. "Scaling of the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm on Superconducting Qubit-Based Hardware." *Quantum* 6 (2022): 870. https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2022-12-07-870.
- Wiener, Norbert. Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. MIT Press, 1948.
- Woerner, Stefan. "Quantum Optimization for Multi-Objective Optimization." Invited talk, International Symposium on Mathematical Programming (ISMP 2024), July 21, 2024. IBM Research. https://research.ibm.com/publications/quantum-optimization-for-multi-objective-optimization.
- Actuarial Standards Board. *Enterprise Risk Management*. Actuarial Standard of Practice No. 58. 2024.
- Barr, Julian, et al. *Tools for Budgeting and Valuing Evaluations*. UK Department for International Development, 2016.
- European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority. *Guidelines on Own Risk and Solvency Assessment*. EIOPA-BoS-14/259, 2015.
- European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority. *Supervisory Assessment of the Own Risk and Solvency Assessment*. EIOPA-BoS-17/097, 2017.
- Federal Reserve Board and Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. *Supervisory Guidance on Model Risk Management*. SR 11-7 / OCC 2011-12, 2011.
- Food and Drug Administration. *Benefit-Risk Assessment for New Drug and Biological Products: Guidance for Industry*. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2024.
- Lempert, Robert J., Steven W. Popper, and Steven C. Bankes. *Shaping the Next One Hundred Years: New Methods for Quantitative, Long-Term Policy Analysis*. RAND Corporation, 2003.
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration. *NASA Risk Management Handbook*. 2023.
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration. *NASA Risk-Informed Decision Making Handbook*. NASA/SP-2010-576, 2010.
- RAND Corporation. *Making Good Decisions Without Predictions: Robust Decision Making for Planning Under Deep Uncertainty*. Research Brief RB-9701, 2013.
- UK Government Analysis Function. "An Introductory Guide to Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis." 2024.
- World Health Organization. *Ethical Considerations in Developing a Public Health Response to Pandemic Influenza*. WHO, 2007.
- Gillis, Nathaniel, and co-speakers. Transcript beginning "The mask in which it interacts with us always changes." Author-supplied public-discourse record. Used as an anti-falsification, first-contact, and challenge-tolerance negative control; paranormal ontology is not adopted.
- Kokotajlo, Daniel. Interview transcript concerning AI 2027, laboratory mission drift, competitive acceleration, dissent cost, and recursive automation. Author-supplied transcript record; original platform metadata retained where available in the package. Used for bounded failure-mode generation, not forecast validation.
- Kushi, Michio, and later montage commentary incorporating Yuri Bezmenov excerpts. "Rise of the New Human Race" / composite public-discourse transcript. Author-supplied transcript record. Used as a narrative and rhetorical negative control; medical, historical, and predictive claims are not adopted.
- Piccirillo, Lisa. "Exotic Phenomena in Dimension Four." Current Developments in Mathematics lecture, Harvard University, April 5, 2024. Used only as a methodological analogy concerning scope, comparability, and discriminators.
- Unidentified documentary narrator. Crowley, Lam, Parsons, Hubbard, and open-portal transcript. Author-supplied narrative record. Used as a literary carrier for opening without secured closure and as a claim-escalation negative control; occult and paranormal claims are not adopted.
- Yampolskiy, Roman V. Interview transcript concerning superintelligence, control, resource acquisition, labour, and safety. Author-supplied transcript record. Used for bounded question formation; probability and consciousness claims are not adopted. See also Yampolskiy, "On the Controllability of Artificial Intelligence," *Journal of Cyber Security and Mobility* 11, no. 3 (2022): 321-404.
- Bakhtin, Mikhail M. "Forms of Time and of the Chronotope in the Novel." In The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. University of Texas Press, 1981.
- Baudrillard, Jean. Simulacra and Simulation. Translated by Sheila Faria Glaser. University of Michigan Press, 1994.
- Frank, Manfred. "Consciousness Is Not an Object We Can Observe." IAI News, June 26, 2026. https://iai.tv/articles/consciousness-is-not-an-object-we-can-observe-auid-3608. Contemporary public formulation; the peer-reviewed 2022 article carries the core conceptual burden.
- Ertuhi, Emre. *Guardrail Laundering and Pre-Action Capture: A Threshold Account of Ceremonial Human Oversight*. Version 1.2.3. Zenodo, 2026. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21113680.
- Ertuhi, Emre. *MESSINA: A Bounded Governance-Diagnostic Surface for Chokepoint Crisis Stress Testing*. Working paper and public observer surface, May 2026. Not peer reviewed.
- Ertuhi, Emre. *When Agents Review Agents: Distributed Threshold Capacity and the Risk of Multi-Agent Laundering*. Version 0.6.5. Zenodo, 2026. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21113668.