Comprehensive assessment and analysis of frequency fluctuation and voltage total harmonics distortion in Malaysia's grid connected solar PV systems: an empirical study

Grid-connected solar photovoltaic (GCPV) systems have become an 
essential part of modern electricity generation due to their ability to harness 
clean, renewable energy, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and lower 
dependence on fossil fuels. In Malaysia, initiatives promoting small-scale 
GCPV adoption among residential, commercial, and industrial users have 
been notably successful. However, concerns regarding power quality (PQ) 
within GCPV-integrated environments remain insufficiently explored. This 
study presents a comprehensive evaluation of the impact of GCPV 
generation on frequency fluctuations and voltage total harmonic distortion 
(THDV) within the Malaysian grid. The methodology involves empirical 
measurements of PQ at a selected GCPV installation, focusing on frequency 
fluctuation and THDV, and compares the results against Malaysian and 
international standards. These measurements form the basis for further 
statistical analysis, which includes descriptive analysis, process capability 
analysis, and Pearson correlation analysis. The study aims to provide 
insights into grid stability, the influence of GCPV output on PQ, and the 
relationship between environmental factors and PQ deviations. Findings 
reveal that GCPV generation has minimal impact on grid PQ, which remains 
within acceptable limits set by relevant standards. Furthermore, no significant 
correlation was observed between GCPV output and PQ deterioration. 
The results contribute to a deeper understanding of PQ challenges in GCPV 
systems and offer valuable guidance for regulators and utility providers to 
support the development of effective mitigation strategies to ensure the 
continued stability and efficiency of Malaysia’s evolving power grid.