An Observational Study of Incidence and Risk Factors of Incisional Hernia After Abdominal Surgery at a Tertiary Care Hospital

Background: Incisional hernia remains a common long-term complication following abdominal surgery despite advances in surgical techniques and wound closure methods. Identification of modifiable risk factors is essential to reduce postoperative morbidity.

Aims & Objective: To study various risk factors, Incidence of incisional hernias at J.L.N. MEDICAL COLLEGE & HOSPITAL, AJMER (RAJASTHAN)

Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted from June 2024 to December 2025 in the Department of General Surgery at a tertiary care centre. Adult patients (>18 years) presenting with incisional hernia were included. Demographic variables, comorbidities, operative details, and postoperative complications were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 31.0. Categorical variables were expressed as percentages, and continuous variables as mean ± standard deviation.

Results: Among 832 abdominal wall hernia cases, 65 were incisional hernias, with an incidence of 7.81%. The mean age was 53.8 ± 12.95 years, with the highest incidence in the 51–60 years age group. Females were more commonly affected (58.46%). Most hernias developed within six months of the index surgery (72.31%). Exploratory laparotomy (58.46%) and midline incision (64.62%) were the most common surgical factors. A higher proportion occurred following emergency surgeries (81.54%). Major associated risk factors included postoperative wound infection (41.54%), anaemia (20%), diabetes mellitus (15.38%), hypertension (13.85%), and smoking (13.85%).

Conclusion: Incisional hernia continues to be a significant postoperative complication, particularly following emergency laparotomy. Surgical site infection and patient-related factors such as anaemia and diabetes significantly increase risk. Optimisation of perioperative care, strict infection control, and meticulous surgical technique are essential to reduce its incidence