A Multiphysics Simulation of the Crookes Radiometer with Real-Time Interactive Visualisation

A simulation of a Crookes radiometer that models nine distinct physical mechanisms simultaneously: radiative heating, thermal conduction through the vane, thermal creep (the dominant drive force in the partial-vacuum regime), differential molecular rebound pressure, photon radiation pressure, rigid-body rotation, viscous drag, buoyancy-driven convective torque, and electrostatic charging of the glass bulb.