On the Origin of All Things: Electricity, Magnetism and Heat

Based on a unified photon motion model, this paper abandons the conventional interpretation of electric conduction via directional drift of electrons. Grounded in daily electrical and thermal phenomena alongside classic experiments, it systematically investigates the inherent laws governing electricity, magnetism, luminescence, thermal conversion and superconductivity. Split into fifteen chapters, the paper first elaborates that electric current originates from the directional flow of outer-layer photons, verified through hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell tests and weak current measurements from grounded heated copper wires. From the perspectives of photon accumulation, escape, absorption and collision, it interprets the physical origins of voltage, current and resistance using practical cases including transformers, high-voltage power transmission, incandescent lamps, lightning, Tesla coils and energy-saving lamps. Experiments involving compressed and decompressed gas inside metal cylinders establish a unified conversion logic among mechanical, thermal and electrical energy: gas compression extrudes photons to generate positive current, while negative pressure absorbs ambient photons to produce reverse current, and periodic volume variation yields alternating current. The origin of resistance is explained via collisions between linearly moving photons and orbiting photons around atomic nuclei, and superconductivity is interpreted as suppressed orbital motion of photons at low temperature with negligible yet unavoidable energy loss. Finally, a preliminary atomic structure hypothesis is proposed: atoms consist of an atomic nucleus, an electron shell and multiple outer photon shells, with free outer photons rather than electrons serving as the main conductive medium; detailed demonstration of refined atomic architecture is reserved for follow-up specialized papers. Relying on a consistent framework of photon collision and shell motion, this study constructs a self-consistent physical interpretation covering all electromagnetic and thermal phenomena.