Applications of Number Theory in Modern Encryption Systems

In today’s digital world, protecting information has become extremely important. Every day, people use online banking, social media, cloud storage, and digital payments, all of which require strong security systems. Modern encryption techniques are designed to keep data safe from hackers and unauthorized users. One of the major mathematical foundations behind these encryption systems is number theory. Concepts such as prime numbers, modular arithmetic, and mathematical theorems are widely used in cryptography. This paper explains how number theory supports modern encryption systems like RSA, Diffie–Hellman, and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC). It also discusses the importance of these methods in cyber security and future developments in secure communication technologies.