Thermodynamic and Kinematic Breakdown of Variable-Mass Hypersonic Projectiles Under Directed Energy Engagements

This paper provides a complete analytical evalua-
tion of the energy derivatives governing variable-mass systems,
specifically examining the Kh-47M2 Kinzhal hypersonic missile.
We investigate the mechanical implications of higher-order kine-
matic terms, such as jerk, coupled with mass flux variables.
Furthermore, we simulate a three-stage orbital directed-energy
engagement mechanism operating at high altitudes, detailing the
explicit differential equations governing the thermal response
of the titanium alloy casing alongside the control loop degra-
dation that induces subsequent aerodynamic breakup during
atmospheric re-entry.