A Sub-Quantum Theory: Theoretical and Experimental Proposal.

For nearly a century, quantum mechanics (QM) has established itself as an exceptionally effective framework for predicting the collective movements and statistical distributions of particles. However, its predictive success comes with a significant conceptual cost: the apparent abandonment of local realism.

When one attempts to apply the standard quantum formalism at the scale of an individual particle, paradoxes inevitably arise. This article argues that these contradictions are not intrinsic properties of nature, but rather stem from a fundamental category error: the misapplication of ensemble statistical laws to individual events, which unrightfully promotes statistical averages to instantaneous physical realities. To address the root cause of this conceptual deviation, we must establish a foundational axiom: the Principle of Particle Reality. This principle posits that if a particle exists as a real entity, it must inherently possess definite physical properties—such as a precise polarization, velocity, and trajectory—independent of our capacity to detect them.

Ignoring this ontology has led the standard model to treat physical realities as abstract paradoxes. To resolve them, this work proposes a unified reconsideration of three main pillars of quantum interpretation. First, regarding locality, we demonstrate that a polarizer does not create a state but merely reveals a pre-existing polarization. The concrete proof lies in the reduction of a beam’s intensity, which is fundamentally a physical drop in the number of transmitted particles. By establishing a physical equivalence between parallel and sequential measurements via the principle of Statistical Identity, we show that exact quantum correlations emerge directly from a particle-by-particle application of the strictly positive classical Malus’s law (0 ≤ p ≤ 1). This successfully explains the violation of Bell’s inequalities within a strictly local framework, bypassing the non-physical negative quasi-probabilities encountered in previous angular hidden-variable models. Secondly, on the illusion of state superposition, we show that failing to recognize that an interferometer physically and deterministically alters the polarization orientation of a particle led to an abstract formulation; in reality, this involves a deterministic geometric transformation of probability distributions. Finally, addressing wave-particle duality, we challenge the standard postulate of artificial simultaneity in the double-slit configuration, which caused a deep confusion between the collective behavior of a group and the sequential passage of an individual entity. We introduce an “event-by-event” formulation where interference fringes emerge instead from temporal correlations preserved by the non-commutativity of averaging.

By restoring the strict distinction between statistical ensemble laws and individual reality through the Principle of Particle Reality, this work aims to definitively end “quantum geocentrism” and to lay the foundations for a coherent, local, and realistic sub-quantum physics.