Theory of Base Field Pressure: Foundational Framework and Newtonian Limit (v12)

This paper presents the foundational framework of the Theory of Base Field Pressure (BFP), a theory in which a single scalar field—the field pressure P—replaces both gravity as a fundamental force and the constancy of the speed of light. All core equations—including the field equation, matter equation of motion, light-speed relation, and Newtonian limit—are derived from a minimal action principle.

Key Results

• Field Pressure Domain: The effective domain of Earth's field pressure gradient is derived via two independent paths, yielding a critical radius of approximately 2.59×10⁵ km, consistent with BeiDou satellite orbits and lunar recession.

• Galaxy Rotation Curves (SPARC): The field pressure accumulation effect explains flat rotation curves without dark matter. A fit to 171 SPARC galaxies yields a 97.7% success rate.

• Supernova Cosmology (Pantheon+): Cosmic acceleration is reinterpreted as light-speed evolution. Using the full Pantheon+ sample of 1701 Type Ia supernovae, the BFP model c(z) = c₀(1+z)^{-β} yields H₀ = 71.87 ± 0.26 km/s/Mpc, β = 0.7360 ± 0.0294, and χ²_red = 0.478.

• Hubble Tension: The BFP prediction passes a quantitative chi-squared test against the model-independent SH0ES local measurement (χ²/dof = 1.27, p = 0.26, 1.1σ agreement). The Planck CMB H₀ value is shown to be model-dependent (constant light-speed assumption), and a BFP-consistent CMB re-fitting is expected to resolve the tension.

• Gravitational Wave Tests: Three independent LIGO analyses converge in favor of BFP: a historical full-waveform analysis (ln B ≈ 9.2, decisive; not reproducible due to data removal), a current Savage-Dickey analysis (ln B = 1.72, strong; reproducible), and a multi-event sign test (10/10 high-redshift events with β > 0, p < 0.001; reproducible). Future BFP papers will no longer include gravitational wave tests due to LIGO data instability.

• Classical Tests of Gravity: BFP satisfies gravitational lensing (1.75"), GPS time dilation, and binary pulsar orbital decay within a unified framework.

• Big Bang Nucleosynthesis: The BFP light-speed evolution modifies the early-Universe Hubble rate, yielding a primordial helium-4 abundance Y_p = 0.2482, in excellent agreement with the observational constraint Y_p = 0.245 ± 0.003 (1.1σ). No parameter adjustment is required: the same β = 0.7360 that fits Pantheon+ also passes BBN. See companion BBN paper (doi:10.5281/zenodo.20540178).

• Structure Growth Rate (fσ₈): BFP achieves χ²/dof = 0.13 against BOSS/eBOSS/DESI data (Δχ² = -19.3 relative to ΛCDM), and reduces the S₈ tension from 3.3σ to 2.5σ. See companion relay paper (doi:10.5281/zenodo.20534820).

• Complete Observational Validation Matrix (v12 New Feature): Table I summarizes BFP performance across seven independent cosmological tests spanning all cosmic epochs—from t ~ 1 s (BBN) through t ~ 380,000 yr (CMB) to t ~ 13.8 Gyr (LSS). All BFP-specific parameters (β = 0.7360, Ω_P0 = 0.01, γ = -0.5) are fixed by the Pantheon+ supernova fit and remain unchanged across all validation domains. No free parameters are adjusted.

Key Updates in v12

• Added complete observational validation matrix (Table I) summarizing BFP performance across seven independent cosmological tests

• Added references to the newly published BBN paper (doi:10.5281/zenodo.20540178) and the relay paper v2 (doi:10.5281/zenodo.20534820)

• Added new falsifiable prediction P7 (primordial helium-4 abundance) testable by next-generation BBN observations

• Updated Section 6 (Early-Universe Physics) with BBN quantitative results

• Updated reference list with permanent archival links for all key datasets

Data Availability

All observational data are publicly accessible with permanent archival links:

• SH0ES 2021: https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ApJ...908L..33R

• Planck 2018: https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/planck/plank-2018-results

• DESI 2025: https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025arXiv250101434D

• SPARC: http://astroweb.cwru.edu/SPARC/

• Pantheon+: https://github.com/PantheonPlusSH0ES/DataRelease

• LIGO GWOSC: https://www.gw-openscience.org

All analysis scripts are archived on Zenodo and are fully reproducible.

Companion Papers

This paper is the flagship of the BFP theory series (26 papers). Key companion papers include:

• BBN paper (doi:10.5281/zenodo.20540178)

• Relay paper v2: CAMB implementation + fσ₈ validation (doi:10.5281/zenodo.20534820)

• Field Pressure Gradients as Spacetime Curvature (doi:10.5281/zenodo.20389787)

• Field Pressure Screening Mechanism (doi:10.5281/zenodo.19920079)

• BDS Satellite Clock Rate Analysis (doi:10.5281/zenodo.19920662)