Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions of Commonly Used Herbal Products

Adverse effects are undesired, potentially harmful outcomes that can arise from medications or other medical interventions, ranging from mild symptoms to life- threatening conditions. These effects may occur despite correct dosing, may be predictable or idiosyncratic, and often necessitate modification or cessation of therapy. Drug interactions whether between medications, foods, or supplements—can modify efficacy or safety, sometimes precipitating adverse effects. Herbal products can interact with conventional drugs, particularly anticoagulants and drugs with narrow therapeutic indices, and can themselves cause organ toxicity or bleeding risks. Preoperative use of herbs requires careful history-taking and potential discontinuation to minimize perioperative risk. Effective management includes thorough medication reconciliation, patient education, prudent use of interaction checkers, monitoring, and, when necessary, consultation with specialists.