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Water in agriculture and the future of irrigation

Shubham Yaduwanshi, Sanjay Kanth S A, Rashi Chauhan,                                 Ritik Kumar Maurya

Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of Agronomy, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand – 263145

Corresponding author: shubhamyaduwanshi0257@gmail.com

Abstract

Water is fundamental to agriculture as it supports key processes such as crop evapotranspiration, soil moisture regulation, and nutrient transport, all crucial for maximizing yields and ensuring food security. In India, agriculture accounts for nearly 80% of water consumption, with groundwater providing over 60% of irrigation water. However, groundwater levels are rapidly declining in many regions, raising serious sustainability concerns. Globally, the area under irrigation grew by 11% from 2000 to 2015, yet over half of this expansion occurred in water-scarce areas, with India alone contributing 36% to unsustainable growth. Adequate and timely water supply is essential for crop growth, yet traditional management approaches are inadequate to address rising challenges such as climate change, water shortages, and resource depletion. Emerging technologies including sensors, artificial intelligence, remote sensing, nanotechnology, and desalination are transforming irrigation practices. Advanced systems like robotic, IoT-enabled smart irrigation, aerial, holographic and cloud-based techniques allow real-time monitoring and precise water application, significantly improving efficiency. These solutions can save up to 85% of water, achieve over 90% accuracy in irrigation scheduling and enhance crop yields at affordable costs. Despite these benefits, widespread adoption faces barriers such as high initial investments, regulatory challenges, infrastructure deficits and issues of data security and equitable access. Achieving sustainable agricultural water management will require integrated, innovative, and inclusive approaches. Emphasizing efficient irrigation, sustainable policies and technological innovation can ensure resilient food systems and optimal water stewardship amid growing climate and population pressures.

Key words: Evapotranspiration, Food Security, Groundwater, Nanotechnology, Remote Sensing