STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORKS IN PHARMACY PRACTICE: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF HOSPITAL AND RETAIL PHARMACY OPERATIONS, REGULATORY COMPLIANCE, AND PATIENT-CENTRIC CARE DYNAMICS

The global pharmacy sector operates at a critical junction within modern healthcare, serving as the primary vehicle for both the industrial-scale supply of pharmaceuticals and the delivery of highly personalized clinical care. Over the past several decades, the practice of pharmacy has undergone a profound structural shift from a transactional, product-bound business model (heavily centred around compounding and mechanical dispensing) toward an interdisciplinary, highly clinical, and deeply integrated patient-centric care model (Lin et al., 2023). This ongoing transformation has fundamentally decoupled the modern pharmacist from the traditional back-counter workflow, embedding them directly into multidisciplinary care teams as primary custodians of medication safety, adherence, and optimization (Baird, 2023; pique-Martinez et al., 2024).^[1]