MODERN DIAGNOSTIC AND TREATMENT APPROACHES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, accounting for approximately 17.9 million deaths annually, according to the World Health Organization [1]. This article provides a comprehensive overview of modern diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in the management of cardiovascular diseases, with a particular focus on their clinical relevance and effectiveness. The study explores the multifactorial etiology of CVDs, including genetic predisposition, environmental influences, and modifiable lifestyle-related risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, and diabetes mellitus [2]. Special attention is given to the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying cardiovascular disorders, including endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and atherosclerotic plaque formation. These processes play a critical role in the development of ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and cerebrovascular complications [3]. The article highlights advancements in diagnostic modalities, including electrocardiography, echocardiography, computed tomography angiography (CTA), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and the use of cardiac biomarkers such as troponins and natriuretic peptides [4]. In addition, modern treatment strategies are discussed, encompassing pharmacological therapies such as antiplatelet agents, statins, beta-blockers, and ACE inhibitors, as well as interventional procedures like percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) [5]. Emphasis is also placed on personalized medicine and risk stratification approaches to optimize patient outcomes. Preventive strategies, including lifestyle modification, early screening, and public health interventions, are critically analyzed as essential components in reducing the global burden of cardiovascular diseases [6].