A Classical Vacuum Spin Model for Propellantless Propulsion

A classical model of the vacuum as a continuum of massless spin carriers is developed and applied to propellantless propulsion. In this framework, a spacecraft imposes a standing electromagnetic wave with a position‑dependent, time‑varying phase gradient. The vacuum generates a compensating spin current, and the reaction to this induced flow produces thrust without expelling propellant. The model reproduces reported asymmetric‑capacitor forces and indicates that analogous effects may arise in magnetic configurations, to be examined in future work. It also implies that a static phase gradient can reduce effective inertia by forming an ``inertial bubble'' that partially decouples the spacecraft interior from external acceleration. Together, these results outline a pathway from laboratory‑scale devices to an inertial warp‑drive concept—not by curving spacetime, but by reshaping inertia through controlled phase gradients or energy‑density gradients.