1,3,5-Triazine Derived Compounds as Potential Anti-Breast Cancer Agents: A Review

Abstract:
The 1,3,5-triazine core structure has emerged as an important chemical framework due to its broad spectrum of biological activities, particularly in the field of cancer therapeutics. Among various cancers, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed disease in women, with nearly one out of every eight women being affected by invasive breast cancer during their lifetime. Despite ongoing advancements in medical treatment, the overall five-year survival rate for advanced stages remains relatively low, emphasizing the critical need for the development of more efficient and targeted therapeutic options.

This review highlights a variety of biologically active 1,3,5-triazine derivatives that demonstrate significant potential against breast cancer by interacting with multiple biological targets. These include enzymes and receptors such as phosphoinositide 3-kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin, epidermal growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, focal adhesion kinase, cyclin-dependent kinases, dihydrofolate reductase, deoxyribonucleic acid topoisomerase, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, carbonic anhydrase, and matrix metalloproteinases. In the process of anticancer drug development, compounds are frequently evaluated for their ability to suppress the growth and proliferation of cancer cells. Interestingly, many 1,3,5-triazine-based compounds exhibit activity against multiple targets simultaneously, which allows researchers to identify promising drug candidates even before fully understanding their exact mechanisms of action.