BVG Gravitational‑Wave Propagation: Speed, Polarizations, Dispersion, Amplitude Damping, and Inspiral Phase Tests

This record presents the gravitational‑wave propagation predictions of the Bhuvaneswari Vortex Gravity (BVG) framework. The study analyzes all major observational tests used to constrain alternative theories of gravity, including GW speed, tensor polarizations, dispersion, amplitude damping, and inspiral phase evolution. BVG matches General Relativity at the 1PN level, predicting GW speed equal to the speed of light and allowing only the two tensor modes. The linearized BVG wave equation is non‑dispersive and reproduces the standard relation omega squared equals c squared k squared. Amplitude damping follows the geometric one over distance law, and inspiral phase evolution agrees with the GR quadrupole formula up to a small correction parameter delta_BVG. Current multimessenger observations constrain this correction to the 10^-2 to 10^-3 level. These results show that BVG is fully consistent with existing gravitational‑wave data while providing a medium‑based interpretation through the vortex substrate.