Tuning SnO₂ Ink Rheology for Roll to Roll Printing of Perovskite Solar Cells

Tin dioxide (SnO₂) is commonly used as an electron transport layer in perovskite solar cells with nip architecture because of its good optical and electrical properties. However, SnO₂ dispersions that work well for spin-coating are often not suitable for scalable deposition methods, especially roll-to-roll (R2R) compatible processes such as gravure printing. The main challenge is the rheology of the aqueous inks.