Published March 12, 2026 | Version v1
Journal article Open

Development of the Training Resource for Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) NC II: Process, Analysis, and Acceptability

Authors/Creators

  • 1. Bato National High School, Philippines

Description

The study was conducted to develop a training resource for Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) NC II. Its primary objective was to explore the development process of a training resource for SMAW II and to evaluate its acceptability based on expert feedback in terms of format, learning content, presentation and organization, relevance, and functionality. Guided by the ISD Model and the ADDIE framework, the development process followed four essential stages: a) Needs analysis, which involved identifying and assessing learning gaps and required competencies based on the K–12 Basic Education Curriculum for Technology and Livelihood Education (SMAW for Grades 11-12), TESDA’s SMAW NC II Training Regulations, Welding Procedure Specification requirements, and relevant industry demands; b) Design setting, where clear objectives were formulated, and the content was thoughtfully selected and structured, including activities and feedback strategies aligned with the learning goals; c) Material development, which focused on producing training resources anchored on the design and implementation blueprint; and d) Evaluation, wherein subject matter experts reviewed and validated the materials to ensure quality, relevance, and instructional value. The evaluation revealed that the resource training was Highly Acceptable, with mean scores of 4.83 for format, 4.93 for Content, 4.78 for presentation and organization, 4.96 for relevance, and 4.90 for functionality. With an acceptability mean score of 4.88, interpreted as "Highly Acceptable", the experts’ evaluation affirms the training resource’s effectiveness, relevance, and appropriateness for its intended purpose.

Files

IRJSTEM-V6N1-2026-P04.pdf

Files (666.8 kB)

Name Size Download all
md5:df4bf4ee0960024c18ef8a61c9b7632f
666.8 kB Preview Download

Additional details

References

  • Abragan, F.Q., Abarcas, V., Aquino, I.M., & Bagongon, R.E. (2022). Research Review on K-12 Curriculum Implementation in The Philippines: A Generic Perspective. European Journal of Educational & Social Sciences, 7(1), ISSN: 2564-6621.
  • Bagby, J., Wells, K., Edmondson, K., & Thompson, L. (2014). A Review of the Literature, 2010-2013. Montessori Life, 26(1), 32–41.
  • Bisanti, M., Di Paolo, R., Pizziol, V., Accardi, S., Maggi, F., Paladino, G., Ricciardi, E., & Bilancini, E. (2022). Digital Escape Games in Educational Programs for Financial Literacy. European Conference on Games Based Learning, 666-674.
  • Ai-Shuaibi, A. (2014). Abdulghani Ai-Shuaibi Community College Qatar English Language Center - ELC
  • Chakradhar et al., 2022. Welding Skills Development and Training: Bridging Theory and Practice in Industrial Settings. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology, 11(4), 112–118.
  • Crotty, T. (1997). Constructivist theory unites distance learning and teacher education. https://www.learnupon.com/blog/constructivist-learning-theory
  • Department of Education. (nd). Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELCs). Department of Education. (Year). Curriculum Guide.
  • Fandrika, Sutrizona., Syamsul, Maarif., Setia, Diarta. (2020). Strategies for Development of Industrial Labor Competency of Vocational High School Graduates. International Journal of Research, 7(12):315-327.
  • Hakan, Bütüner., Didem, Hacipasaoglu. (2017). Systematic Competency-Based Training Needs Analysis (SCTNA). 67-83. doi: 10.1201/9781315206059-8
  • Henriksen, T., & Harpelund, C. (2015). Four Categories Of Design Challenges To Building Game-based Businesses. International Journal of Computer Research, 22(1), 71-84.
  • Krexe, O.M. (2014). Evaluating the effectiveness of talent management strategies in rural municipalities in the Eastern Cape. https://core.ac.uk/download/145039735.pdf
  • Knowles, M.S. (1984). Adult learning: theory and practice. In L. Nadler (ed.), The Handbook of Human Resource Development. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
  • Knowles, M.S. (1987). Adult learning. In R.L. Craig (ed.), Training and Development Handbook. New York: McGraw Hill. (3rd ed.).
  • Knowles, M.S. (1972). Innovations in teaching styles and approaches based upon adult learning. Journal of Education for Social Work.
  • Knowles, M.S. (1968). Andragogy, not pedagogy. Adult Leadership.
  • Knowles, M.S., and Associates (eds). (1984). Andragogy in Action, Applying Modern Principles of Adult Learning. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
  • Lee, M.F. & Lai, C.S. (2016). Integrasi konsep dan teori beban kognitif dalam Pendidikan Lindy, W. (2017). Needs analysis and ESP course design. 21–31. doi: 10.4324/9781315143279-3 kejuruteraan di Malaysia: Satu kajian literatur. https://core.ac.uk/download/77967345.pdf
  • Maña, D.K.R., & Cuasito, R. J. (2023). Quantitative evaluation of augmented reality shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) training for vocational students. Cognizance: Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 5(3), 1–12. https://cognizancejournal.com/vol5issue3/V5I309.pdf
  • Mager, R.F. (1997). Preparing Instructional Objectives: A Critical Tool in the Development of Effective Instruction. Center for Effective Performance.
  • Newton. E.S. (1977). Andragogy: understanding the adult as a learner. Journal of Reading, 20, 5.
  • Noe, R.A. (2020). Employee Training and Development (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
  • Paas, F., Renkl, A., & Sweller, J. (2003). Cognitive load theory and instructional design: Recent developments. Educational psychologist.
  • Par, A., Pardo, A., Pineda Báez, C., Téllez, M., & Téllez Téllez, F. (2004). Key aspects for developing your instructional materials.
  • Philippine Development Plan 2023-2028. (n.d.). https://pdp.neda.gov.ph/
  • Population Matters. (n.d.). Sustainable Development Goals. https://populationmatters.org/unsdgs/?gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQjw1OmoBhDXARIsAAAYGSFTpn9pjcJle6-Bdk40v-5gZrzM6HnMmXKI-k8iEQR6HsjakGgrugaAtj8EALw_wcB
  • Rahmi, A., Fitriani, H., & Masrini, M. (2023). Analisis Keterampilan Kolaborasi Siswa Sma Kelas Xi Melalui Model Pembelajaran Auditory, Intellectually, Repetition. https://Doi.Org/10.30743/Cheds.V7i2.8244
  • Riana Nurismawati (2021). Pengaruh Integrasi Writing Is Thinking Terhadap Beban Kognitif Siswa Dalam Pembelajaran Cahaya Dan Optik Serta Dampaknya Terhadap Level Of Thinking Siswa Smp. https://core.ac.uk/download/489796414.pdf
  • Smith, J., & Doe, A. (2023). Matching the Curriculum to the Needs of Industry. Journal of Educational Research, 12(3), 45–67. https://doi.org/xxxxxx
  • Rose, M. (2013). Assessing the Impact of Sequencing Laboratory Welding Practicums. Master's Thesis
  • Safriwardy, F., Nasrah, S., & Wansah, Z. (2022). Development of Learning Modules for Welding Techniques of Shield Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) on Manual Arc Welding Engineering Subjects at Vocational Schools. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Studies, 4(2), 136-143. https://doi.org/10.29103/ijevs.v4i2.8385
  • Stewart, V., McMillan, S.S., Hu, J., Collins, J.C., El-Den, S., O'Reilly, C.L., & Wheeler, A.J. (2024). Are SMART goals fit-for-purpose? Goal planning with mental health service-users in Australian community pharmacies. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 36(1), mzae009.
  • Sutrizona, F., Ma'arif, S., & Diarta, S. (2020). Strategies for development of industrial labor competency of vocational high school graduates. International Journal of Research and Review, 7(12), 315–325. https://www.ijrrjournal.com/IJRR_Vol.7_Issue.12_Dec2020/IJRR0050.pdf
  • Sweller, J. (1988). Cognitive load during problem-solving: Effects on learning. Cognitive science.
  • Sweller, J. (1994). Cognitive load theory, learning difficulty, and instructional design. Learning and instruction.
  • Sweller, J. (1994). Cognitive load theory, learning difficulty, and instructional design. Learning and instruction.
  • Sweller, J. (2010). Element interactivity and intrinsic, extraneous, and germane cognitive load. Educational Psychology Review.
  • Sweller, J., Van Merrienboer, J. J., & Paas, F. G. (1998). Cognitive architecture and instructional design. Educational Psychology Review.
  • Technical Education and Skills Development Authority. (nd). Training regulations for Shielded Metal Arc Welding National Certificate Level 2 (SMAW NC 2).
  • Ültanır, E. (2012). "An Epistemological Glance at the Constructivist Approach: Constructivist Learning In Dewey, Piaget, and Montessori. International Journal of Instruction, Vol. 5.
  • Van Merrienboer, J. J., & Sweller, J. (2005). Cognitive load theory and complex learning: Recent developments and future directions. Educational Psychology Review.https://studycorgi.com/albert-banduras-social-learning-theory-psychology/
  • WU, C. P. (2014). The Design Principles of the Work. https://core.ac.uk/download/225232950.pdf
  • Zorn-Arnold, B., & Conaway, W. (2016). The Keys to Online Learning for Adults: The Six Principles of Andragogy, Part III. Distance Learning, 13(2), 1–5.
  • (2019). Cognitive load theory, spacing effect, and working memory resources depletion: Implications for instructional design. https://core.ac.uk/download/293753323.pdf