Cardio renal metabolic syndrome

Abstract Cardio-renal-metabolic syndrome, now commonly referred to as cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome, has emerged as a major clinical concept integrating cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic dysfunction into a single interconnected pathological framework [1]. Traditional medical practice has historically managed cardiovascular, renal, and metabolic disorders as separate entities. Contemporary evidence increasingly demonstrates that dysfunction in one organ system accelerates pathological changes in the others through shared inflammatory, hormonal, hemodynamic, and metabolic pathways [2,3]. The American Heart Association formally introduced the CKM syndrome framework in 2023 to encourage earlier identification of high-risk individuals and promote integrated multidisciplinary management [1]. Rising global prevalence of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease has further emphasized the importance of this unified clinical approach. Recent advances involving sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, biomarker research, artificial intelligence-assisted risk prediction, and precision medicine have transformed management strategies in CKM syndrome [4,5]. This narrative review discusses the pathophysiology, epidemiology, staging, clinical implications, therapeutic strategies, and future directions of cardio-renal-metabolic syndrome.