Published December 30, 2025
| Version v1
Journal article
Open
A unique snake assemblage from the Early Miocene locality of Wintershof-West, Germany, with comments on the transitional period in the evolution of European snake fauna
Authors/Creators
Description
Ivanov, Martin, Paclík, Václav, Luján, Àngel H., Böhme, Madelaine (2025): A unique snake assemblage from the Early Miocene locality of Wintershof-West, Germany, with comments on the transitional period in the evolution of European snake fauna. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology (81) 144 (1): 1-67, DOI: 10.1186/s13358-025-00414-0, URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13358-025-00414-0
Files
source.pdf
Linked records
Additional details
Identifiers
- LSID
- urn:lsid:plazi.org:pub:2335FF86FFE2FFA6FF9C345CFFF1FD26
- URL
- http://publication.plazi.org/id/2335FF86FFE2FFA6FF9C345CFFF1FD26
References
- Aguilar, J.-P.,Antoine, P.-O., Crochet, J.-Y., Lopez-Martinez, N., Metais, G., Michaux, J., & Welcomme,J.-L. (2003).Les mammiferes du Miocene inferieur de Beaulieu (Bouches-du-Rhone, France),comparaison avec Wintershof-West et le probleme de la limite MN3/MN4.Coloquios De Paleontologia, 1, 1-24.
- Agusti, J., Blain,H.-A., Furio,M., De Marfa,R.,& Santos-Cubedo,A. (2010).The early Pleistocene small vertebrate succession from the Orce region (Guadix-Baza Basin, SE Spain) and its bearing on the first human occupation of Europe.Quaternary International, 223, 162-169.https://doi. org/10.1016/j.quaint.2009.12.011
- Antunes,M.T.,& Rage, J.-C.(1974). Notes sur la geologie et la paleontologie du Miocene de Lisbonne.XIV-Quelques Squamata (Reptilia). Boletim Da Sociedade Geologica De Portugal, 19, 47-60.
- Auffenberg,W. (1958).A new genus of colubrid snake from the upper Miocene of North America.American Museum Novitates, 1874, 1-16.
- Auffenberg,W. (1963).The fossil snakes of Florida.Tulane Studies in Zoology, 10, 131-216.https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.4641
- Auge, M. & Rage,J.-C. (2000).Les Squamates (Reptilia) du Miocene moyen de Sansan (Gers,France).In L. Ginsburg (Ed.),La faune miocene de Sansan et son environnement.Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, (vol. 183, pp.263-313).Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris.
- Bachmayer, F.,& Szyndlar,Z. (1985).Ophidians (Reptilia:Serpentes) from the Kohfidisch fissures of Burgenland, Austria. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums,Wien, 87(A), 79-100.
- Bachmayer, F.,& Szyndlar,Z. (1987).A second contribution to the ophidian fauna (Reptilia,Serpentes) of Kohfidisch,Austria.Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums,Wien, 88(A), 25-39.
- Bailon,S.(1991). Amphibiens et Reptiles du Pliocene et du Quaternaire de France et d'Espagne: mise en place et evolution des faunes. MS,These Universite Paris 7 (inedite),1 vol. texte,1-499, 1 vol.illustr.89 fig.Paris.
- Bailon,S.(1986). Los amfibios y los reptiles del yacimento de Cueva Hora (Darro,Granada).Antropologia y Paleoecologia Humana, 4, 131-155.
- Baird, S.F.,& Girard,C. (1853).Catalogue of North American Reptiles in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution.Part 1.-Serpents.Washington: Smithsonian Institution.
- Ballmann, P.(1969).Die Vogel aus der altburdigalen SpaltenfUllung von Wintershof (West) bei Eichstatt in Bayern.Zitteliana, 1, 5-60.
- Blain,H.-A. (2009).Contribution de la paleoherpetofaune (Amphibia & Squamata) a la connaissance de l'evolution du climat et du paysage du Pliocene superieur au Pleistocene moyen d'Espagne.Treballs Del Museu De Geologia De Barcelona, 16, 39-170.
- Blain,H.-A.,& Bailon, S.(2006).Catalogue of Spanish Plio-Pleistocene amphibians and squamate reptiles from the Museu de Geologia de Barcelona. Treballs Del Museu De Geologia De Barcelona, 14, 61-80.
- Blain,H.-A.,Lopez-Garcia,J. M., & Cuenca-Bescos,G. (2011).A very diverse amphibian and reptile assemblage from the late Middle Pleistocene of the Sierra de Atapuerca (Sima del Elefante,Burgos,Northwestern Spain).Geobios, 44(2-3), 157-172.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios. 2010.08.003
- Blyth,E.(1854). Notices and descriptions of various reptiles,new or little known [part 2]. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,Calcutta, 23(3), 287-302.
- Bohme,M. & Winklhofer, M. (2008). A continental Miocene Thermal Maximum predates the Miocene Climate Optimum in Central Europe.Geophysical Research Abstracts, 10, EGU2008-A-08574
- Bohme,M. (2003).Miocene climatic optimum:Evidence from lower vertebrates of Central Europe. Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology, 195(3-4), 389-401.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(03) 00367-5
- Bohme,M. (2008).Ectothermic vertebrates (Teleostei,Allocaudata,Urodela, Anura,Testudines,Choristodera,Crocodylia,Squamata) from the Upper Oligocene of Oberleichtersbach (Northern Bavaria,Germany). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 260, 161-183.
- Bohme,M., Bruch,A.,& Selmeier,A. (2007).The reconstruction of the Early and Middle Miocene climate and vegetation in the North Alpine Foreland Basin as determined from the fossil wood flora.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 253, 107-130.https://doi.org/10.1016/j. palaeo.2007.03.035
- Bohme, M., Ilg, A., Ossig,A., & KUchenhoff, H. (2006). New method to estimate paleoprecipitation using fossil amphibians and reptiles and the middle and late Miocene precipitation gradients in Europe.Geology, 34(6), 425-428. https://doi.org/10.1130/G22460.1
- Boie.H. (1826). Merkmale einiger japanischer Lurche.lsis von Oken, 18-19, 203-216.
- Boie,F.(1827).Bemerkungen Uber Merrem's Versuch eines Systems der Amphibien, 1. Lieferung: Ophidier. Isis Von Oken, 20, 508-566.
- Bolkay, J.(1913).Additions to the fossil herpetology of Hungary from the Pannonian and Praeglacial periode (sic). Mittheilungen Aus Dem Jahrbuche der Koniglichen Ungarischen geologischen Reichsanstalt, 21, 216-230.
- Bonaparte,C.L.(1838a). Synopsis vertebratorum systematis.Amphibiorum Tabula Analytica. Nuovi Annali Delle Scienze Naturali, 1, 391-397.
- Bonaparte,C.L.J. L.(1838b). Iconographia della Fauna Italica per le Quattro Classi degli Animali Vertebrati.Tomo II.Amphibi.Fascicolo 23. Salviucci.
- Bonilla-Salomon, I., Cermak,S., Lujan,A. H., Jovells-Vaque,S., Ivanov, M., & Sabol,M. (2022).Early Miocene remains of Melissiodon from Mokra- Quarry (Moravia, Czech Republic) shed light on the evolutionary history of the rare cricetid genus. PeerJ, 10, Article e13820. https://doi.org/10. 7717/peerj.13820
- Bosca, E. (1878).Note sur une forme vouvelle ou peu connue de vipere.Bulletin De La Societe Zoologique De France, 3, 116-121.
- Boulenger,G.A. (1887).On a collection of reptiles and batrachians made by Mr.H.Pryer in the Loo Choo Islands.Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1887, 146-150.
- Boulenger,G.A. (1893).Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Nat.Hist.) i. Taylor & Francis.
- Boulenger,G.A. (1899).Description of three new reptiles and a new batrachian from Mt.Kina Balu, North Borneo.The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology,Botany, and Geology, 4(7), 451-453.
- Boulenger,G.A. (1906).Descriptions of new reptiles from Yunnan. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany,and Geology, 17(102), 567-568.
- Bullock,R.E., & Tanner,W.W.(1966).A comparative osteological study of two species of Colubridae (Pituophis and Thamnophis). Brigham Young University Science Bulletin,Biological Series, 8(3), 1-29.
- Burbrink,F.T.,Grazziotin,F.G.,Pyron,R.A., Cundall, D., Donnellan,S., Irish, F., Keogh,J. S.,Kraus,F., Murphy, R.W., Noonan,B.,Raxworthy, C.J., Ruane, S., Lemmon,A. R.,Lemmon, E. M., & Zaher,H. (2020).Interrogating genomic-scale data for Squamata (lizards,snakes,and amphisbaenians) shows no support for key traditional morphological relationships. Systematic Biology, 69(3),502-520. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz062
- Cantor,T.E. (1839).Spicilegium serpentium indicorum [Part 1]. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1839, 31-34.
- Castoe,T.A., Smith, E. N., Brown,R.M., & Parkinson, C. L. (2007).Higher-level phylogeny of Asian and American coralsnakes,their placement within the Elapidae (Squamata),and the systematic affinities of the enigmatic Asian coralsnake Hemibungarus calligaster (Wiegmann,1834).Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 151(4), 809-831.https://doi.org/10. 1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00350.x
- Cernansky,A. (2010). A revision of chamaeleonids from the Lower Miocene of the Czech Republic with description of a new species of Chamaeleo (Squamata,Chamaeleonidae). Geobios, 43(6), 605-613.https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.geobios.2010.04.001
- Cernansky,A.,Rage,J.-C.,& Klembara,J. (2015).The early Miocene squamates of Amoneburg (Germany):The first stages of modern squamates in Europe. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 13(2), 97-128.https://doi. org/10.1080/14772019.2014.897266
- Cernansky,A.,Szyndlar,Z., & Mors,T. (2017).Fossil squamate faunas from the Neogene of Hambach (northwestern Germany). Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 97(2), 329-354. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s12549-016-0252-1
- Chen,Y.(2020). Quaternary snake fauna from Shanyangzhai Cave,Hebei,China. M. S.Thesis,Northwest University,71 (In Chinese with English abstract).
- Chen,Y.,Li,Y.X.,Shi,J. S.,Zhang,Y.X., & Xie, K.(2021). Pleistocene fossil snakes (Squamata,Reptilia) from Shanyangzhai Cave,Hebei,China.Historical Biology, 33(5), 699-711. https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2019.16580 94
- Cope,E.D. (1875).In Yarrow,H.C.(ed),Report upon the collections of batrachians and reptiles made in portions of Nevada, Utah,California,Colorado, New Mexico,and Arizona, during the years 1871,1872,1873,and 1874. In Report upon geographical and geological explorations and surveys west of the the one hundredths meridian,in charge of First Lieut.Geo.M. Wheeler. Vol.5, Zoology,Chapter IV,509-584.Washington D.C.: Government Printing office.
- Cope, E. D. (1860).Catalogue of Colubridae in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1860, 74-79.
- Cope, E. D. (1861).Contributions to the ophiology of Lower California,Mexico and Central America.Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 13, 292-306.
- Cope, E. D. (1871).Ninth contribution to the herpetology of tropical America. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 23, 200-224.
- Cope, E. D. (1885).Twelfth contribution to the herpetology of Tropical America. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 22, 167-194.
- Das,S., Greenbaum,E., Brecko,J., Pauwels,O.S.G., Ruane,S., Pirro,S., & Merila, J.(2024). Phylogenomics of Psammodynastes and Buhoma (Elapoidea: Serpentes), with the description of a new Asian snake family. Scientific Reports, 14, 9489.
- Das,S., Greenbaum,E., Meiri, S.,Bauer, A.M., Burbrink,F.T.,Raxworthy, C.J., Weinell,J. L., Brown,R.M., Brecko,J.,Pauwels, O.S. G.,Rabibisoa,N., Raselimanana,A.P.,& Merila,J. (2023).Ultraconserved elements-based phylogenomic systematics of the snake superfamily Elapoidea,with the description of a new Afro-Asian family.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 180, Article 107700.
- Daudin,F.M. (1803b).Erpetologie.Caracteres des vingt-trois genres qui composent l'ordre des Ophidiens. Magasin Encyclopedique, ou Journal des Sciences, des Lettres et des Arts, Paris, Annee 8, 5(20),433-438.
- Daudin,F. M. (1803a). Histoire Naturelle,Generale et Particuliere des Reptiles (Vol. 7). Dufart.
- de Bruijn, H., Daams,R., Daxner-Hock,G.,Fahlbusch,V.,Ginsburg, L., Mein,P., Morales,J.,Heinzmann,E., Mayhew,D. F.,van der Meulen, A.J.,Schmidt- Kittler,N., & Antunes, M.T.(1992).Report of the RCMNS working group on fossil mammals, Reisensburg 1990.Newsletters on Stratigraphy, 26(2-3),65-118. https://doi.org/10.1127/nos/26/1992/65
- de Rochebrune,A.T.(1880). Revision des ophidiens fossiles du Museum d'Histoire naturelle.Nouvelles Archives du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 3,271-296.
- Khan, A., Mahlow,K.,& Tillack, F. (2021b).Revealing two centuries of confusion: New insights on nomenclature and systematic position of Argyrogena fasciolata (Shaw,1802) (auctt.),with description of a new species from India (Reptilia: Squamata:Colubridae).Vertebrate Zoology, 71, 253-316. https://doi.org/10.3897/vz.71.e64345
- Deepak V,Cooper N , Poyarkov N A.,Kraus F,Burin G, Das A, (2022) Multilocus phylogeny,natural-history traits,and classification of natricine (Serpentes:Natricinae) snakes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 195,279-298.
- Dehm, R. (1937).Neue tertiare SpaltenfUllungen im sUdlichen Frankischen Jura.Zentralblatt Fur Mineralogie, Geologie und Palaontologie, Abteilung B, 9, 349-369.
- Dehm, R. (1950a).Die Raubtiere aus dem Mittel-Miocan (Burdigalium) von Wintershof-West bei Eichstatt in Bayern.Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse,Neue Folge, 58, 1-141.
- Dehm, R. (1950b).Die Nagetiere aus dem Mittel-Miocan (Burdigalium) von Wintershof-West bei Eichstatt in Bayern.Neues Jahrbuch Fur Mineralogie, Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen, 91(B), 321-428.
- Dehm, R. (1961).SpaltenfUllungen als Lagerstatten fossiler Landwirbeltiere. Mitteilungen der Bayerischen Staatssammlung Fur Palaontologie und Historische Geologie, 1, 57-72.
- Doben-Florin, U. (1964).Die Spitzmause aus dem Altburdigalium von Wintershof-West bei Eichstatt in Bayern.Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse,Neue Folge, 117, 1-82.
- Dumeril, A.M. C., Bibron, G., Dumeril,A.H.A.(1854). Erpetologie generale ou Histoire Naturelle complete des Reptiles.Vol. 7 (partie 1). Paris:Roret.
- Eichwald,E. (1831). Zoologia specialis,quam expositis animalibus tum vivis, tum fossilibus potissimuni rossiae in universum, et poloniae in specie, in usum lectionum publicarum in Universitate Caesarea Vilnensi. Vilnae:Zawadski.
- Estes,R.(1981). Handbuch der Palaoherpetologie/Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology.Part 2.Gymnophiona, Caudata. Gustav Fischer Verlag, pp.115.
- Etz,C.D., Kari, F. A., Mueller, C. S., Silovitz,D., Brenner,R.M., Lin, H. M., & Griepp, R.B. (2011).The collateral network concept: A reassessment of the anatomy of spinal cord perfusion.The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 141(4), 1020-1028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2010.06.023
- Fahlbusch,V.(1970).Populationsverschiebungen bei tertiaren Nagetieren,eine Studie an oligozanen und miozanen Eomyidae Europas. Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Neue Folge, 145, 1-136.
- Figueroa,A., McKelvy,A.D., Grismer,L. L., Bell,C. D., & Lailvaux,S. P.(2016).A species-level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus. PLoS ONE, 11(9), Article e0161070. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161070
- Fitzinger,L. (1843).Systema Reptilium, fasciculus primus,Amblyglossae. BraumUller et Seidel.
- Fleischmann,F.L.(1831).Dalmatiae nova serpentum genera. Inaug. Dissertation, Erlangen.
- Forster,J.R. (1771).In Bossu,Travels through that part of North America formerly called Louisiana, (Vol. 1). London:T.Davies.
- Gal,E., Hir, J., Kessler,E., Kokay, J., Meszaros,L.,& Venczel, M. (1999). Kozepsomiocen osmaradvanyok,a Matraszolos, Rakoczi-kapolna alatti utbevagasbol I. A Matraszolos 1. lelohely. Folia Historico Naturalia Musei Matraensis, 23, 33-78.
- Gardner,J., & Bohme, M. (2008). Review of the Albanerpetontidae (Lissamphibia), with Comments on the Paleoecological Preferences of European Tertiary Albanerpetontids. In J.T.Sankey & S. Baszio (Eds.), Vertebrate Microfossil Assemblages: Their Role in Paleoecology and Paleobiogeography (pp. 178-218). Indiana University Press.
- Garman,S. (1874).Description of a new species of North American serpent. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 17, 92-94.
- Georgalis, G.L., AbdelGawad, M. K., Hassan,S.M., El-Barkooky, A.N., & Hamdan, M. A.(2020a). Oldest co-occurrence of Varanus and Python from Africafirst record of squamates from the early Miocene of Moghra Formation, Western Desert, Egypt. PeerJ, 8, Article e9092. https://doi.org/10.7717/ peerj.9092
- Georgalis, G.L., Cernansky,A.,& Mayda,S.(2021a). Late paleogene herpetofaunas from the crossroads between two continents -New amphibian and reptile remains from the Oligocene of southern Balkans and Anatolia. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 20(15), 253-275.
- Georgalis, G.L., Mayda, S.,Alpagut, B., Sarbak,A.,& GUler,G.(2020b).The westernmost Asian record of pythonids (Serpentes):The presence of Python in a Miocene hominoid locality of Anatolia.Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 40, Article e1781144.
- Georgalis, G.L., Rabi,M., & Smith,K.T. (2021b).Taxonomic revision of the snakes of the genera Palaeopython and Paleryx (Serpentes,Constrictores) from the Paleogene of Europe.Swiss Journal of Palaeontology. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13358-021-00224-0
- Georgalis, G.L., & Scheyer,T.M. (2019).A new species of Palaeopython (Serpentes) and other extinct squamates from the Eocene of Dielsdorf (Zurich, Switzerland).Swiss Journal of Geosciences, 112, 383-417.
- Georgalis, G.L., & Scheyer,T.M. (2021).Lizards and snakes from the earliest Miocene of Saint-Gerand-le-Puy, France: An anatomical and histological approach of some of the oldest Neogene squamates from Europe. BMC Ecology and Evolution, 21, Article 144. https://doi.org/10.1186/ s12862-021-01874-x
- Georgalis, G.L., & Smith, K.T.(2020). Constrictores Oppel,1811-the available name for the taxonomic group uniting boas and pythons. Vertebrate Zoology, 70(3),291-304. https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ70-3-2020-03
- Georgalis, G.L., Villa,A.,Ivanov,M., & Delfino,M. (2024).New diverse amphibian and reptile assemblages from the late Neogene of northern Greece provide novel insights into the emergence of extant herpetofaunas of the southern Balkans.Swiss Journal of Palaeontology, 143, Article 34. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13358-024-00332-7
- Georgalis, G.L., Villa,A.,Ivanov,M., Roussiakis,S., Skandalos, P.,& Delfino,M. (2019a). Early Miocene herpetofaunas from the Greek localities of Aliveri and Karydia -Bridging a gap in the knowledge of amphibians and reptiles from the early Neogene of southeastern Europe.Historical Biology, 31(8), 1045-1064.https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2017. 1417404
- Georgalis,G. L.,Villa,A., Ivanov,M.,Vasilyan,D., & Delfino,M.(2019b). Fossil amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene locality of Maramena (Greece),the most diverse European herpetofauna at the Miocene/Pliocene transition boundary.Palaeontologia Electronica, 22, 1-99. https:// doi.org/10.26879/908
- Ginsburg,L., & Guerin,C. (1979).Sur l'origine et l'extension stratigraphique du petit Rhinocerotide Miocene Aceratherium (Alicornops) simorrense (Lartet 1851) n. subgen. Compte Rendu Sommaire des Seances De La Societe Geologique De France, 3, 114-116.
- Gmelin, J.F.(1789). Caroli a Linne Systema naturae.13.ed.,Tom 1 Pars 3 (pp. 1033-1516).G.E. Beer.
- Goff, C. C.(1936). Distribution and variation of a new subspecies of water snake,Natrix cyclopion floridana. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 327, 1-9.
- Gohlich,U. (2017).Catalogue of the fossil bird holdings of the Bavarian State Collection of Palaeontology and Geology in Munich. Zitteliana, 89, 331-349.https://doi.org/10.5282/ubm/epub.40471
- Gray, J.E.(1825). A synopsis of the genera of reptiles and amphibia, with a description of some new species.Annals of Philosophy, 2(10), 193-217.
- Gray, J.E. (1834).Illustrations of Indian Zoology, chiefly selected from the collection of Major-General Hardwicke. London:Treuttel,Wurtz,Treuttel, Jun.and Richter, vol. 2 (1833-1834),pp. 1-263.
- Gray, J.E.(1842a). Synopsis of the species of prehensile-tailed snakes,or family boidae.Zoological Miscellany, 2, 41-46.
- Gray, J.E.(1842b). Monographic synopsis of the water snakes,or the family Hydridae. Zoological Miscellany, 2, 59-68.
- Grazziotin, F. G.,Zaher, H., Murphy,R.W.,Scrocchi, G.,Benavides,M. A.,Zhang,Y. P.,& Bonatto,S.L. (2012).Molecular phylogeny of the new world Dipsadidae (Serpentes:Colubroidea):A reappraisal.Cladistics, 28(5), 437-459.
- Grunert,P.,Tzanova, A., Harzhauser,M., & Piller,W.E.(2014). Mid-Burdigalian Paratethyan alkenone record reveals link between orbital forcing, Antarctic ice-sheet dynamics and European climate at the verge to Miocene Climate Optimum.Global and Planetary Change, 123(Part A), 36-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.10.011
- Gruschwitz, M., Lenz, S.,Mebert, K., & Lanka,V.(1999). Natrix tessellata (Laurenti, 1768)-WUrfelnatter.In W.Bohme (Ed.), Handbuch der Reptilien und Amphibien Europas,Schlangen (Serpentes) II (pp. 581-644).Aula-Verlag.
- GUnther,A.(1858). Catalogue of Colubrine snakes of the British Museum. London: Printed by order of the Trustees,1858.
- GUnther,A.C.L.G.(1864). The reptiles of British India). London:Published for the Ray Society by Robert Hardwicka,192,Piccadilly. pp. 452.
- GUnther,A.(1872). Seventh account of new species of snakes in the collection of the British Museum. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany,and Geology, 9(4),13-37.
- Hallowell,E.(1852). Descriptions of new species of reptiles inhabiting North America. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 6, 177-182.
- Hallowell,E.(1856). Notice of a collection of reptiles from Kansas and Nebraska, presented to the Academy of Natural Sciences by Dr.Hammond,USA.Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 8, 238-253.
- Harzhauser,M., Kroh, A., Mandic, O., Piller,W.E., Gohlich, U., Reuter,M., & Berning, B. (2007).Biogeographic responses to geodynamics:A key study all around the Oligo-Miocene Tethyan Seaway.Zoologischer Anzeiger-A Journal of Comparative Zoology, 246(4), 241-256. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.jcz.2007.05.001
- Harzhauser,M., & Neubauer,T.A.(2018). Opole (Poland)-a key locality for middle Miocene terrestrial mollusc faunas.Bulletin of Geosciences, 93(1), 71-146. https://doi.org/10.3140/bull.geosci.1692
- He,M., Feng,J.-C., Liu, S.-Y., Guo, P.,& Zhao, E.-M. (2009).The phylogenetic position of Thermophis (Serpentes:Colubridae),an endemic snake from the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,China.Journal of Natural History, 43(7-8), 479-488.https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930802389825
- Head,J. J.(2005).Snakes of the Siwalik Group (Miocene of Pakistan):systematics and relationship to environmental change.Palaeontologia Electronica, 8(1), 1-33.
- Head,J. J.,Mahlow,K., & MUller,J.(2016).Fossil calibration dates for molecular phylogenetic analysis of snakes 2:Caenophidia,Colubroidea, Elapoidea, Colubridae. Palaeontologia Electronica, 19(2), 1-21. https://doi.org/10. 26879/625
- Heissig, K. (1969).Die Rhinocerotidae (Mammalia) aus der oberoligozanen SpaltenfUllung von Gaimersheim bei Ingolstadt in Bayern und ihre phylogenetische Stellung.Abhandlungen der Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, 138, 1-133.
- Hoffstetter,R., & Gasc,J.-P.(1969).Vertebrae and Ribs of Modern Reptiles.In C. Gans,A.d' A. Bellairs & T.S.Parsons, (Eds.), Biology of the Reptilia. (Vol. 1), Morphology A, 200-310.Academic Press London-New York.
- Hoffstetter,R.(1939). Contribution a l'etude des Elapidae actuels et fossiles et de l'osteologie des ophidiens. Archives Du Museum D'histoire Naturelle De Lyon, 15, 1-78.
- Hoffstetter,R., & Rage,J.-C. (1972).Les Erycinae fossiles de France (Serpentes, Boidae).Comprehension et histoire de la sous-famille.Annales De Paleontologie (Vertebres), 58(1), 81-124.
- Holbrook, J.E.(1838). North American Herpetology. (Vol. 2). 1-st Edition.Philadelphia:J.Dobson.
- Holbrook, J.E.(1839). North American Herpetology; or Description of the Reptiles Inhabiting the United States. (Vol.1). 1st Edition (expanded 2nd version). Philadelphia:J. Dobson.
- Holman,J. A.(1975). Herpetofauna of the WaKeeney local fauna (lower Pliocene:Clarendonian) of Trego County, Kansas. University of Michigan Papers in Paleontology (Studies on Cenozoic Paleontology and Stratigraphy in honor of C.W.Hibbard), 12, 49-66.
- Holman J.A. (1998).Pleistocene Amphibians and Reptiles in Britain and Europe. Oxford Monographs on Geology and Geophysics (vol. 38, pp. 1-254).Oxford University Press.https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/97801 95112320.001.0001.
- Holman,J. A.(1964). Fossil snakes from the Valentine Formation of Nebraska. Copeia, 1964(4), 631-637.
- Holman,J. A.(1968). Upper pliocene snakes from Idaho. Copeia, 1968(1), 152-158. https://doi.org/10.2307/1441561
- Holman,J. A.(1973). Reptiles of the Egelhoff local fauna (Upper Miocene) of Nebraska.Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, the University of Michigan, 24(12), 125-134.
- Holman,J. A.(1982). New herpetological species and records from the Norden Bridge fauna (Miocene;Late Barstovian) of Nebraska. Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences, 10, 31-36.
- Holman,J. A.(1987). Herpetofauna of the Egelhoff site (Miocene:Barstovian) of north central Nebraska.Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 7(2), 109-120. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1987.10011646
- Holman,J. A.(1996). Herpetofauna of the Trinity River local fauna (Miocene: Early Barstovian,San Jacinto County,Texas,USA.Tertiary Research, 17, 5-10.
- Holman,J. A.(2000). Fossil snakes of North America.Origin, evolution,distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press.
- Hrubesch, K. (1957).Zahnstudien an tertiaren Rodentia als Beitrag zu deren Stammesgeschichte. Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse,Abhandlungen, 83, 1-101.
- Huang,S., Liu,S.Y.,Guo,P.,Zhang,Y.P., & Zhao,E.M. (2009).What are the closest relatives of the hot-spring snakes (Colubridae, Thermophis), the relict species endemic to the Tibetan Plateau? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 51(3),438-446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2009.02.013
- Ikeda,T.(2007).A comparative morphological study of vertebrae of snakes occurring in Japan and adjacent regions.Current Herpetology, 26(1), 13-34.https://doi.org/10.3105/1345-5834(2007)26[13:ACMSOT]2.0. CO;2
- Ikeda,T.,Takahashi, A., Makoto,M., & Hasegawa,Y.(2019).Snake vertebrae fossils occurred from the Minatogawa Man site,southern part of Okinawajima Island, Ryukyu Archipelago,Southwestern Japan. Bulletin of the Gunma Museum of Natural History, 23, 21-34.
- Ivanov, M. (2002b). Fossil snake assemblages from the French Middle Miocene localities at La Grive (France). In Abstracts volume and excursions field guide, The 7-th European workshop of vertebrate palaeontology,July 2-7, 2002 (pp. 26-27).Sibiu,Romania.
- Ivanov, M. (1997). Old Biharian reptiles of the Zabia Cave (Poland).Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 40(2), 249-267.
- Ivanov,M. (1998).The snake fauna of Devinska Nova Ves (Slovak Republic) in relation to the evolution of snake assemblages of the European Middle Miocene.Acta Musei Moraviae,Scientiae Geologicae, 83, 159-172.
- Ivanov,M. (2000).Snakes of the lower/middle Miocene transition at Vieux-Collonges (Rhone;France),with comments on the colonization of western Europe by colubroids. Geodiversitas, 22(4), 559-588.https://doi. org/10.5281/zenodo.4650515
- Ivanov,M. (2001a).Changes in the composition of the European snake fauna during the Early Miocene and at the Early/Middle Miocene transition. Palaontologische Zeitschrift, 74(4), 563-573.https://doi.org/10.1007/ BF02988162
- Ivanov,M. (2001b).Intraspecific cranial osteology of the Grass Snake Natrix natrix with comments on the evolution of the species.Biota, 2(Supplement), 31.
- Ivanov,M. (2002a).The oldest known Miocene snake fauna from Central Europe: Merkur-North locality. Czech Republic.Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 47(3), 513-534. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13286109
- Ivanov,M. (2007).Herpetological assemblages from the Pliocene to the middle Pleistocene in Central Europe:Palaeoecological significance. Geodiversitas, 29(2), 297-320. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5376748
- Ivanov,M. (2015).Vyvoj spoleCenstev plazu ve stredni Evrope v prubehu kenozoika se zvlastnim zretelem k supinatym (Squamata). In J. Moravec (Ed.), Fauna CR.Plazi -Reptilia, 1. vyd.(pp.15-46). Academia,Praha.
- Ivanov,M. (2022).Miocene Snakes of Eurasia:A Review of the Evolution of Snake Communities.In D. J.Gower & H. Zaher (Eds),The Origin and Early Evolutionary History of Snakes (pp. 85-110). Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108938891.007.
- Ivanov,M., & Bohme,M.(2011). Snakes from Griesbeckerzell (Langhian,Early Badenian),North Alpine Foreland Basin (Germany), with comments on the evolution of snake faunas in Central Europe during the Miocene Climatic Optimum. Geodiversitas, 33(3), 411-449. https://doi.org/10. 5252/g2011n3a2
- Ivanov,M., Cernansky,A., Bonilla-Salomon,I., & Lujan,A. H. (2020). Early Miocene squamate assemblage from the Mokra-Western Quarry (Czech Republic) and its palaeobiogeographical and palaeoenvironmental implications. Geodiversitas, 42(20), 343-376.https://doi.org/10.5252/ geodiversitas2020v42a20
- Ivanov,M., Rage,J.-C., Szyndlar, Z., & Venczel,M.(2000).Histoire et origine geographique des faunes de serpents en Europe. Bulletin De La Societe Herpetologique De France, 96, 15-24.
- Jan, G.(1863). Elenco Sistematico degli Ofidi descriti e disegnati per l'Iconografia Generale. Milano:A.Lombardi.
- Kargopoulos,N., Valenciano,A., Abella,J., Morlo, M., Konidaris, G. E., Kampouridis,P., Lechner,T.,& Bohme, M. (2024).The carnivoran guilds from the Late Miocene hominid locality of Hammerschmiede (Bavaria,Germany). Geobios, 88(89), 139-152.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2024.02.003
- Kayseri-Ozer,M. S.(2013).Spatial distribution of climatic conditions from the Middle Eocene to Late Miocene based on palynoflora in Central,Eastern and Western Anatolia. Geodinamica Acta, 26(1-2), 122-157. https:// doi.org/10.1080/09853111.2013.877237
- Kennicott,R.(1856). Description of a new snake from Illinois. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 8, 95-96.
- Kinkelin, F.(1892).Ein fossiler Giftzahn. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 15, 93-94.
- KovaC, M., Halasova,E., HudaCkova,N., Holcova,K.,Hyzny,M., Jamrich,M., & Ruman, A.(2018).Towards better correlation of the Central Paratethys regional time scale with the standard geological time scale of the Miocene epoch. Geologica Carpathica, 69(3), 283-300.https://doi.org/ 10.1515/geoca-2018-0017
- Kuch,U., MUller,J., Modden,C., & Mebs,D. (2006). Snake fangs from the Lower Miocene of Germany:Evolutionary stability of perfect weapons.Naturwissenschaften, 93, 84-87.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-005-0065-y
- KvaCek, Z., Bohme, M., Dvorak,Z.,Konzalova,M., Mach,K., Prokop, J., & Rajchl, M. (2004). Early Miocene freshwater and swamp ecosystems of the Most Basin (northern Bohemia) with particular reference to the Bilina Mine section. Journal of the Czech Geological Society, 49(1-2), 1-40.
- Lacepede, B. G. E.(1789). Histoire Naturelle des Quadrupedes Ovipares et de Serpens (Vol.Vol.2).lmprimerie du Roi,Hotel de Thou.
- LaDuke,T.C.(1991).The fossil snakes of Pit 91, Rancho La Brea, California. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Contributions in Science, 424, 1-28. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.226807
- Lartet, E.(1851). Notice sur la colline de Sansan,suivie d'une recapitulation des diverses especes d'animaux vertebres fossiles,trouves soit a Sansan,soint dans d'autres gisements du terrain tertiare miocene dans le Bassin Sous - Pyreneen. Auch:J.-A. Portes.
- Latreille,P.A. (1801).XXII genre.Heterodon, Heterodon.In C. S.Sonnini & P.A. Latreille (Eds.), Histoire Naturelle des Reptiles avec figures dessinees d'apres nature (Vol. 4,pp. 32-37).Chez Deterville.
- Laurenti, J.N. (1768).Specimen medicum,exhibens synopsin reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota reptilium austracorum, quod authoritate et consensu. Joan.Thomae.
- Linnaeus, C. (1758).Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae,secundum classes, ordines, genera, species,cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii.
- Linnaeus, C. (1766).Systema naturae per regna tria naturae,secundum classes, ordines, genera, species,cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I.Editio duodecima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii.
- Loveridge, A.(1953). Zoological Results of a Fifth Expedition to East Africa. III. Reptiles from Nyasaland and Tete. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College,in Cambridge, 110(3), 141-322.
- Lunau,H.(1950). Ein neuer fossiler Wassermolch der Gattung Triturus aus dem Miocan SUddeutschlands.Zoologischer Anzeiger (Suppl.), 14, 67-70.
- Malakhov,D.V.(2005).The early Miocene herpetofauna of Ayakoz (Eastern Kazakhstan).Biota, 6, 29-35.
- Malnate, E.V.(1953).The taxonomic status of the Tibetan colubrid snake Natrix baileyi. Copeia, 1953(2), 92-96.
- Malnate, E.V.(1972). Observations on the vertebral hypapophyses and associated musculature in some snakes, with special reference to the Colubridae. Zoologische Mededelingen, 47(18), 225-239.
- Malnate, E.V.,& Minton, S. A.(1965). A redescription of the natricine snake Xenochrophis cerasogaster, with comments on its taxonomic status. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 117, 19-43.
- Markert,D. (1975).SchlUssel zur bestimmung der Wibel SUddeutscher Ophidier und dessen Anwendung auf pleistozan/holozanes Reptilmaterial aus dem Euerwanger BUhl (Franken).Neues Jahrbuch Fur Geologie und Palaontologie,Abhandlungen, 149(2),211-226.
- Martin, C., Alonso-Zarazaga,M.A.,& Sanchiz,B. (2012).Nomenclatural notes on living and fossil amphibians. Graellsia, 68(1), 159-180.
- Mayr,H.(1979). Gebissmorphologische Untersuchungen an miozanen Gliriden (Mammalia, Rodentia) Suddeutschlands. Inauguraldissertation LMU MUnchen,unpubl.Typoskript,Dissertationsdruck ohne Tabellenanhang, pp. 380.
- McCartney, J.(2015). Morphology and Function of the Ophidian Vertebral Column: Implications for the Paleobiology of Fossil Snakes. PhD,The Graduate School,Stony Brook University:Stony Brook, NY.https://commons.libra ry.stonybrook.edu/stony-brook-theses-and-dissertations-collection/ 3069.
- McDowell,S.B.,Jr.(1961). [Review of] Systematic division and evolution of the colubrid snake genus Natrix, with comments on the subfamily Natricinae, by Edmond V.Malnate (Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences 112(3):41-71).Copeia, 1961,502-506.
- Mead, J.I., & Steadman,D.W.(2017). Late Pleistocene snakes (Squamata: Serpentes) from Abaco,The Bahamas. Geobios, 50, 431-440.
- Mein, P.(1975).Resultats du groupe de travail des vertebres:Biozonation du Neogene mediterraneen a partir des mammiferes.In J. Senes (Ed.), Report on Activity of the RCMNS Working Groups (1971-1975) (pp.78-81). Bratislava.
- Menetries, E. (1832).Catalogue raisonne des objets de zoologie recueillis dans un voyage au caucase et jusqu'aux frontieres actuelles de la Perse. St.Petersbourg: L'Academie Imperiale des Sciences.
- Merrem, B.(1820). Versuch eines Systems der Amphibien I (Tentamen Systematis Amphibiorum). J.C.Kriegeri.
- Meylan, P.A. (1982).The squamate reptiles of the Inglis IA fauna (Irvingtonian: Citrus County,Florida).Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences, 27, 1-85.
- Mezzasalma,M., Dall'Asta, A., Loy, A., Cheylan,M., Lymberakis,P., Zuffi,M.A.L., TomoviC, L., Odierna,G., & Guarino,F.M. (2015).A sisters' story:comparative phylogeography and taxonomy of Hierophis viridiflavus and H. gemonensis (Serpentes,Colubridae). Zoologica Scripta, 44(5),495-508. https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12115.
- Mlikovsky,J. (2002).Cenozoic birds of the world.Part 1: Europe. NINOX Press.
- Mlikovsky, J., & Gohlich,U. B. (2000).A new wood-hoopoe from the early Miocene of Germany and France.Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemiae, 64, 419-424.
- Mlynarski,M., Szyndlar,Z., Estes,R., & Sanchiz,B. (1982).Lower vertebrate fauna from the Miocene of Opole (Poland). Estudios Geologicos, 38(1-2), 103-119.
- Moody,S., & RoCek,Z. (1980). Chamaeleo caroliquarti (Chamaeleonidae,Sauria): A new species from the Lower Miocene of central Europe.Vestnik Ustredniho Ustavu Geologickeho, 55, 85-92.
- Mosbrugger,V., Utescher,T., & Dilcher, D. L. (2005).Cenozoic continental climatic evolution of Central Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(42),14964-14969. https:// doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0505267102
- MUller,A.(1967). Die Geschichte der Familie Dimylidae (Insectivora,Mamm.) auf Grund der Funde aus tertiaren SpaltenfUllungen SUddeutschlands. Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften,Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse,Neue Folge, 129, 3-93.
- MUller,J.(1998).Untermiozane Kieferfragmente von Schlangen (Reptilia: Serpentes:Erycinae) aus der franzosischen Lokalitat Poncenat. Neues Jahrbuch Fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Monatshefte, 1998(2), 119-128.
- Nagy,Z.T.,Lawson,R., Joger,U., & Wink,M. (2004). Molecular systematics of racers,whipsnakes and relatives (Reptilia: Colubridae) using mitochondrial and nuclear markers.Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 42(3), 223-233.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439- 0469.2004.00249.x
- Nakamura,Y. ,Takahashi,A., & Ota, H. (2013). Recent cryptic extinction of squamate reptiles on Yoronjima Island of the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan, inferred from garbage dump remains. Acta Herpetologica, 8(1), 19-34.
- Nopcsa,F.B. (1923).Die Familien der Reptilien.Fortschritte der Geologie und Palaontologie, 2, 1-210.
- Obergfell, F.A.(1957).Vergleichende Untersuchungen an Dentitionen und Dentale altburdigaler Cerviden von Wintersshof-West in Bayer und rezenter Cerviden (eine Phylogenetische Studie).Palaeontographica, 103, 71-166.
- Onary,S., Rincon, A.D., & Hsiou, A.S. (2018).Fossil snakes (Squamata, Serpentes) from the tar pits of Venezuela:Taxonomic,palaeoenvironmental, and palaeobiogeographical implications for the North of South America during the Cenozoic/Quaternary boundary. PeerJ, 6, Article e5402.https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5402
- Oppel,M. (1811a).Suite du ler.memoire sur la classification des reptiles. Ord.
- Oppel,M. (1811b).Die Ordnungen, Familien und Gattungen der Reptilien,als Prodrom einer Naturgeschichte derselben. Munich:Joseph Lindauer.,pp. 1-87.
- Orbigny C. d' (1843).Dictionnaire universel d'histoire naturelle:resumant et completant tous les faits presentes par les encyclopedies, les anciens dictionnaires scientifiques,les Oeuvres completes de Buffon,et les meilleurs traites speciaux sur les diverses branches des sciences nautrelles;donnant la description des etres et des divers phenomenes de la nature,l'etymologie et la definition des noms scientifiques,et les principales applications des corps organiques et inorganiques a l'agriculture,a la medecine,aux arts industriels, etc.Tome roisieme (CAA -CLA).Bureau Principal des Editeurs,Paris:1-744.
- Oshina, M., Oshima,Y.,Matsubayashi,Y.,Taniguchi,Y., Chikuda,H., Riew, K. D., & Tanaka,S.(2018).Nutrient foramen location on the laminae provides a landmark for pedicle screw entry:A cadaveric study.BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 19, 293. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-018-2218-0
- Paclik,V., Ivanov, M. & Lujan,A.H. (2018).Early Miocene snakes from the locality of Wintershof-West (Germany).In M. Marcola,O.Mateus & M. Moreno- Azanza (Eds.), Abstract book of the XVI Annual Meeting of the European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontology (pp. 144),Caparica,Portugal, June 26th -July 1st. Lisbon.
- Paclik,V., & Ivanov,M. (2022).Squamates from the early Miocene (Aquitanian) of Weissenburg 6 (Bavaria,Germany). Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae Geologicae, 107(1), 73-89.
- Pallas,P.S. (1773).Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des Russischen Reiches, vol. 2. Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften.
- Parmley,D., Clark,J. L., & Mead, A.J. (2020).Amphibians and Squamates from the Late Pleistocene (Rancholabrean) Clark Quarry, Coastal Georgia. Eastern Paleontologist, 2020(7), 1-23.
- Parmley, D., & Holman,J. A.(1995). Hemphillian (late Miocene) snakes from Nebraska,with comments on Arikareean through Blancan snakes of midcontinental North America.Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 15(1), 79-95.https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1995.10011208
- Parmley, D., & Hunter,K. B.(2010). Fossil snakes of the Clarendonian (late Miocene) Pratt Slide Local Fauna of Nebraska,with the description of a new natricine colubrid. Journal of Herpetology, 44(4),526-543. https:// doi.org/10.1670/09-248.1
- Peters,W.C.H. (1854).Diagnosen neuer Batrachier, welche zusammen mit der frUher (24.Juli und 17. August) gegebenen Ubersicht der Schlangen und Eidechsen mitgetheilt werden.Bericht Uber Die Zur Bekanntmachung Geeigneten Verhandlungen der Konigl Preuss.Akademie der Wissenschaften Zu Berlin, 1854, 614-628.
- Peters,W.C.H. (1862).Zur craniologischen Unterscheidung der Schlangengattung Elaps und Uber eine neue Art der Gattung Simotes,S.semicinctus. Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften Zu Berlin, 1862, 635-638.
- Pinou,T.,Vicario,S.,Marschner, M., & Caccone,A. (2004).Relict snakes of North America and their relationships within Caenophidia, using likelihoodbased Bayesian methods on mitochondrial sequences.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 32(2), 563-574.https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ympev.2004.02.005
- Pokrant,F., Kindler, C., Ivanov, M., Cheylan,M., Geniez,P.,Bohme,W., & Fritz,U. (2016). Integrative taxonomy provides evidence for the species status of the Ibero-Maghrebian grass snake Natrix astreptophora. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 118(4), 873-888.https://doi.org/10.1111/ bij.12782
- Pomel, A.(1853). Catalogue methodique et descriptif des vertebres fossiles decouverts dans les bassins de la Loire et de l'Allier. J.B.Baillieres.
- Pyron,R.A.,Burbrink, F.T., & Wiens, J.J. (2013).A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata,including 4161 species of lizards and snakes.BMC Evolutionary Biology, 13, 93. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-93
- Pyron,R.A.,Reynolds, G.A., & Burbrink,F.T. (2014).A taxonomic revision of Boas (Serpentes:Boidae). Zootaxa, 3846, 249-260. https://doi.org/10. 11646/zootaxa.3846.2.5
- Rafinesque,C. S.(1815).Analyse de Nature,ou Tableau de l'Universe et des Corps Organises.Palermo: Jean Barravecchia.
- Rage,J.-C. (1974).Les Serpents des Phosphorites du Quercy.Palaeovertebrata, 6, 274-303.
- Rage,J.-C. (1981).Les Colubridae (Reptilia, Serpentes) du Neogene francais. Le probleme des especes du Miocene de Sansan.Geobios, 14(4), 537-542. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-6995(81)80127-1
- Rage,J.-C. (1984).Serpentes.In P.Wellnhofer (Ed.), Handbuch der Palaoherpetologie (Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology) 11, (pp 1-80). Gustav Fischer Verlag.Stuttgart-New York,Stuttgart.
- Rage,J.-C. (1987).Extinctions chez les Squamates (Reptiles) a la fin de l'Oligocene en France.Adaptations et modifications de l'environnement. Memoires De La Societe Geologique De France,Nouvelle Serie, 150, 145-150.
- Rage,J.-C. (1988).The oldest known colubrid snakes.The state of the art.Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 31(13), 457-474.
- Rage,J.-C. (2013).Mesozoic and cenozoic squamates of Europe. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 93, 517-534. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s12549-013-0124-x
- Rage,J.-C.,& Bailon, S.(2005).Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the late early Miocene (MN 4) of Beon 1 (Montreal-du-Gers,southwestern France).Geodiversitas, 27(3), 413-441.https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo. 5378363
- Rage,J.-C.,& Holman,J.A. (1984).Des Serpents (Reptilia,Squamata) de type Nord-Americain dans le Miocene francais. Evolution parallele ou dispersion? Geobios, 17(1), 89-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-6995(84) 80007-8
- Rage,J.-C.,& RoCek,Z. (1983).Dolniceophis lehmani (Serpentes, Colubridae), a new fossil snake from the Lower Miocene of Czechoslovakia. Casopis pro Mineralogii a Geologii, 28, 17-21.
- Rage,J.-C.,& Szyndlar, Z.(1986). Natrix longivertebrata from the European Neogene,a snake with one of the longest known stratigraphic ranges. Neues Jahrbuch Fur Geologie und Palaontologie. https://doi.org/10.1127/ njgpm/1986/1986/56
- Rage,J.-C., & Szyndlar,Z. (2005).Latest oligocene-early miocene in Europe: Dark period for booid snakes.Comptes Rendus Palevol, 4(5), 428-435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2005.04.001
- Ratnikov,V. J.(2002). Late cenozoic amphibians and reptiles of the East- European plain.Proceedings of the Research Institute of Geology,Voronezh State University, 10, 1-138. in Russian.
- Ratnikov,V. J.(2022). Comparative Osteology of Two Far Eastern Species of Ratsnakes (Serpentes:Colubridae), Elaphe dione (Pallas,1773) and E. schrenckii (Strauch,1873),for the Purpose of Palaeontological Studies. Asian Herpetological Research, 13(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.16373/j. cnki.ahr.210021.
- Ratnikov,V. J.(2004). Identification of some Eurasian species of Elaphe (Colubridae,Serpentes) on the basis of vertebrae.Russian Journal of Herpetology, 11(2), 91-98.
- Ratnikov,V. J.(2009). Fossils remains of modern amphibian and squamate reptile species as the material for studying of their areas history.Proceedings of the Research Institute of Geology,Voronezh State University, 59, 1-91. in Russian.
- Ratnikov,V. J., & Mebert, K. (2011).Fossil remains of Natrix tessellata from the late Cenozoic deposits of the East European Plain.Mertensiella, 18, 337-342.
- Repenning, C. A. (1988). Biochronology of the microtine rodents of the United States. In M. O.Woodburne (Ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America -Geochronology and Biostratigraphy (pp. 236-268). University of California Press.
- Reuss, A. (1834). Zoologische Miscellen. Reptilien, Ophidier. [Coluber albiventris, Echis pavo]. Museum Senckenbergianum, Frankfurt/m., 1, 129-162.
- Roemer, F. (1870). Uber Python Euboicus, eine fossile Riesenschlange aus tertiarem Kalkschiefer von Kumi auf der Insel Euboea [On Python Euboicus, a fossil giant snake from the Tertiary shale of Kumi in the island of Euboea]. Zeitschrift der deutschen geologischen Gesellschaft, 22, 582-590.
- Rogl, F.(1999).Circum-Mediterranean Miocene Palaeogeography.In G.E.Rossner & K.Heissig (Eds.), The Miocene Land Mammals of Europe (pp. 39-48). Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil.
- Rook,L., Bernor, R. L., Avilla,L. S.,Cirilli, O., Flynn,L.,Jukar,A., Sanders,W., Scott, E., & Wang,X.(2019). Mammal biochronology (land mammal ages) around the world from late Miocene to middle Pleistocene and major events in horse evolutionary history.Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 7, Article 278. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2019.00278
- Rossman,D. A.,Ford, N. B.,& Seigel, R. A.(1996). The Garter Snakes: Evolution and Ecology (p. 332). University of Oklahoma Press.
- Say,T.(1823).In James,E.Account of an expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, performed in the years 1819,'20,by order of the Hon.J.C. Calhoun, Secretary of War, under the command of Major Stephen H.Long. Vol.1. Philadelphia:H. C.Carey & I. Lea.
- Say,T.(1825).Descriptions of three new species of Coluber, inhabiting the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 4(2),237-241.
- Scanlon, J.D., Lee, M. S.Y.,& Archer,M.(2003).Mid-tertiary elapid snakes (Squamata,Colubroidea) from Riversleigh,northern Australia:Early steps in a continent-wide adaptive radiation.Geobios, 36(5), 573-601. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0016-6995(03)00056-1
- Schafer,D. (2013).Die Schildkroten der Gattung Ptychogaster POMEL, 1847 (Reptilia, Testudines). Dissertation,LMU MUnchen:Fakultat fUr Geowissenschaften, pp.376.
- Schatti, B.(1987).The phylogenetic significance of morphological characters in the Holarctic racers of the genus Coluber Linnaeus,1758 (Reptilia, Serpentes). Amphibia-Reptilia, 8(4), 401-418. https://doi.org/10.1163/ 156853887X00171
- Schatti, B.(1999). Natrix maura (Linnaeus, 1758)-Vipernatter. In W.Bohme (Ed.), Handbuch der Reptilien und Amphibien Europeas,Schlangen (Serpentes) II (pp. 483-503).Aula-Verlag.
- Schinz,H.R.(1822). Das Thierreich eingetheilt nach dem Bau der Thiere als Grundlage ihrer Naturgeschichte und der vergleichenden Anatomie von dem Herrn Ritter von Cuvier (Vol.Vol. 2).J. G.Cotta.
- Schlegel, H. (1837). Essai sur la physionomie des serpens.Partie Descriptive. J. Kips, J.HZ. et W.P. van Stockum.
- Schmidt,K.P.(1925). New reptiles and a new salamander from China. American Museum Novitates, 157, 1-5.
- Schmidt,K.P. (1928).Notes on American coral snakes.Bulletin of the Antivenin Institute of America, 2(3), 63-64.
- Schneider, J.G.(1799). Historiae Amphibiorum narturalis et literariae.Fasciculus primus,continens Ranas.Calamitas,Bufones, Salamandras et Hydros. Frommanni.
- Schoneberg,Y.,Winter,S.,Arribas,O.,Di Nicola, M. R., Master, M.,Owens,J. B., Rovatsos,M., WUster,W., Janke,A.,& Fritz,U. (2023).Genomics reveals broad hybridization in deeply divergent Palearctic grass and water snakes (Natrix spp.).Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 184, Article 107787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107787
- Seoane,V.(1885).Identidad de Lacerta schreiberi (Bedriaga) y Lacerta viridis var. Gadovii (BOULENGER),e investigaciones herpetologicas de Galicia. La Coruna (1884).
- Serrano, F. C.,Pontes-Nogueira,M., Sawaya,R.J.,Alencar,L.R.V.,Nogueira, C. C.,& Grazziotin,F.G. (2024).There and back again:When and how the world's richest snake family (Dipsadidae) dispersed and speciated across the Neotropical region. Journal of Biogeography, 51(5), 878-893.
- Shi, J.,Wang,Y.,Messenger,K.R.,Jiangzuo,Q., Chen,Y.,& Jin,C. (2023).Early Pliocene fossil snakes (Squamata,Colubroidea) with various teeth from the fissure deposit in Queshan, Henan,China.Historical Biology.https:// doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2022.2161382
- Sindaco, R.,Venchi,A.,& Grieco,C. (2013).The reptiles of the Western Palearctic. Vol.2: Annotated checklist and distributional atlas of the snakes of Europe, North Africa,Middle East and Central Asia (p. 543).Belvedere.
- Slowinski,J. B., Boundy,J., & Lawson, R. (2001).The phylogenetic relationships of Asian coral snakes (Elapidae:Calliophis and Maticora) based on morphological and molecular characters.Herpetologica, 57(2), 233-245.
- Smid,J., & Tolley,K. A.(2019). Calibrating the tree of vipers under the fossilized birth-death model. Scientific Reports, 9, 5510.https://doi.org/10.1038/ s41598-019-41290-2
- Smith,K.T.& Georgalis, G. L. (2022).The diversity and distribution of Palaeogene snakes: A review, with comments on vertebral sufficiency. In D. J. Gower & H. Zaher (Eds.),The origin and early evolution of snakes (pp. 55-84).Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.https://doi.org/10. 1017/9781108938891.006
- Sonnini,C.S., Latreille,P. A.(1801). Histoire Naturelle des Reptiles.Vol.1. Paris: D'eterville.
- Storer,D. H.(1839). Reports on the fishes,reptiles and birds of Massachusetts. Dutton and Wentworth,State Printers.
- Syromyatnikova,E., Georgalis,G.L., Mayda,S., Kaya,T., & Sarac,G.(2019).