THE GENDARMERIE, SECRET POLICE, AND POLITICAL SURVEILLANCE IN THE FERGANA OBLAST UNDER RUSSIAN IMPERIAL RULE

This article examines the formation and operational structure of the 
imperial Russian security apparatus in the Turkestan Region, with particular focus on the 
Fergana Oblast, during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Drawing on 
archival materials from the Uzbekistan National Archives (UzNA), the study traces the 
institutional evolution from the early gendarmerie railway directorates established in 1901 
and 1905 through to the founding of the Turkestan District Security Department (TDSD) 
in 1907.