A Review on Biomarkers for Early Detection of Liver Cancer

Liver cancer, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide due to late-stage diagnosis and limited treatment options. Early detection plays a crucial role in improving patient survival and therapeutic outcomes. The use of biomarkers—measurable biological indicators—offers a promising, non-invasive strategy for identifying liver cancer at its earliest stages. Traditional biomarkers such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) have long been used but show limited sensitivity and specificity. Recent advances in molecular biology have introduced novel biomarkers including des-gamma- carboxy prothrombin (DCP), Golgi protein 73 (GP73), glypican-3 (GPC3), and circulating microRNAs (e.g., miR-21, miR-122), which demonstrate greater diagnostic accuracy. Integrating multiple biomarkers through advanced detection techniques such as liquid biopsy, proteomics, and genomic profiling enhances the reliability of early diagnosis.  Approach not only facilitates timely intervention but also supports personalized treatment and better prognosis. Therefore, the use of biomarker-based screening represents a significant advancement toward early detection and effective management of liver cancer.