CITRUS BIOFLAVONOIDS- HESPERIDIN, DIOSMIN

Citrus fruits are widely consumed worldwide and represent an important dietary source of biologically active phytochemicals, particularly citrus bioflavonoids. Among them, hesperidin and diosmin are the most pharmacologically significant flavonoids, primarily localized in the peel and albedo of oranges, lemons, and related fruits. Modern research has demonstrated that hesperidin (a flavanone glycoside) and diosmin (a flavone glycoside derived from hesperidin) exhibit multi-target pharmacological actions including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, Vaso protective, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective effects. Mechanistically, these bioflavonoids regulate microcirculation by increasing venous tone, decreasing capillary permeability, inhibiting inflammatory mediators, and scavenging reactive oxygen species. Clinically, the hesperidin-diosmin combination is widely used in chronic venous insufficiency, hemorrhoidal disease, and vascular inflammatory disorders. Their excellent safety profile and multi-pathway activity position hesperidin and diosmin as promising nutraceutical-phytopharmaceutical bridge compounds for future integrative therapeutics.