Illegal Mineral Mining and the Implications for National Security: A Case Study of Zamfara State

Illegal mineral mining has emerged as a significant socio-economic and security challenge in Nigeria, particularly in Zamfara State, where gold and other mineral resources are abundant. This study investigates the patterns, causes, and implications of illegal mining on national security, with specific attention to armed banditry, organized crime, and environmental degradation. Adopting a mixed-methods case study design, data were collected from 320 respondents, including artisanal miners, community members, security personnel, and policymakers. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, while qualitative data were subjected to thematic content analysis. Findings reveal that illegal mining is widespread, involves multiple actors, and directly contributes to insecurity through financing armed groups, creating local conflicts, and degrading the environment. Despite government interventions such as mining bans and security operations, illegal mining persists due to weak enforcement, corruption, and socio-economic drivers. The study concludes that illegal mining is a multi-dimensional threat requiring integrated approaches that combine governance reforms, community engagement, livelihood alternatives, and intelligence-driven security measures. The research contributes to knowledge by applying both Resource Curse Theory and Human Security Theory, offering insights into the structural and human-centered dimensions of resource-related insecurity in Zamfara State. Policy recommendations include strengthening regulatory enforcement, promoting alternative livelihoods, enhancing community awareness, and improving coordination among security agencies and government authorities.