THE EVOLVING LANDSCAPE OF MULTIPLE MYELOMA

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a persistent hematological malignancy that continues to be incurable, marked by the clonal proliferation of plasma cells within the bone marrow, which results in suppressed hematopoiesis and osteolytic lesions (Ding et al., 2021). The treatment landscape for MM has undergone a significant transformation in recent decades. The shift has been from traditional chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to more innovative targeted therapies and immunotherapy(Anderson, 2000), leading to substantial improvements in patient outcomes (Podar&Jger, 2017). This evolution in therapeutic approaches has provided new avenues for managing this complex disease (Anderson, 2000). This review aims to synthesize existing knowledge on MM pathogenesis and shed light on the crucial role of immunotherapies. Specifically, it will explore chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells, bispecific antibodies, and monoclonal antibodies, while simultaneously investigating emerging novel tartar and personalized medicine strategies. The ultimate goal is to effectively address relapsed/refractory disease and enhance long term survival for MM patients. Current Immunotherapeutic Strategies in Multiple Myeloma The advent of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has revolutionized the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM), particularly for patients with relapsed/refractory MM (RRMM). Early clinical trials involving CAR-T cells targeting B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) have shown significant anti-MM activity (Ding et al., 2021).