MODERN ANALYSIS OF CLINICAL, DIAGNOSTIC, AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERISTICS OF PROLACTINOMAS IN MEN

Recent scientific evidence in modern medicine indicates that prolactinomas in men are frequently diagnosed at a late stage, which often leads to significant tumor enlargement and reduced treatment efficacy [7]. In male patients, early clinical manifestations such as sexual dysfunction, decreased libido, and infertility are frequently overlooked or misattributed to other pathologies [4]. Furthermore, prolactinomas in men typically present with markedly elevated prolactin levels, larger tumor volumes (macro- and giant adenomas), and a higher incidence of neurological and metabolic complications [8]. These factors collectively worsen disease prognosis and negatively impact patients' quality of life [13]. Currently, the pathogenesis of prolactinomas, particularly the underlying molecular mechanisms in men (e.g., Ki-67 proliferation index, estrogen receptor expression, SF3B1 gene mutations, and TGF-β signaling pathways), remains insufficiently characterized [10]. This knowledge gap hinders the development of individualized, highly effective therapeutic strategies [16].