Published April 28, 2026 | Version v1
Dataset Open

Exploring the Psychological Well-being of Primary School Teachers' Through a Multidimensional Perspective: Utilizing Ryff's Six Factor Model

Authors/Creators

  • 1. Management and Science University,Postgraduate Centre,Malaysia

Description

Teacher psychological well-being has been recognized an important focus in education, particularly as responsibilities have continued to expand and become increasingly demanding. However, much of the existing research has been mainly focusing on negative outcomes, such as stress and burnout, resulting in a limited understanding of well-being. In this study, the psychological well-being of primary school teachers using is explored using Ryff’s Six Factor Model of psychological well-being. Within this model, well-being is explained through six dimensions: positive relationships, self-acceptance, purpose in life, autonomy, environmental mastery, and personal growth. A conceptual approach has been adopted, and existing research on teachers’ psychological well-being has been revised and synthesized. It is discussed how Ryff’s six dimensions can be utilized to provide a deeper understanding of teachers’ experiences, not only in terms of challenges but also in terms of growth and fulfilment. This study highlights the importance of viewing psychological well-being as both the absence of distress and the presence of positive psychological functioning. Overall, a more comprehensive understanding of teachers’ psychological well-being is provided in this study. Practical insights are also offered for school leaders and policymakers, through which supportive work environments that promote teachers’ psychological well-being and professional growth can be developed.

Files

Exploring the Psychological Well-being of Primary School 100.pdf

Files (527.7 kB)

Additional details

Dates

Available
2026-04-28

References

  • Aboagye, M. O., Qin, J., Qayyum, A., Antwi, C. O., Jababu, Y., & Affum‐Osei, E. (2018). Teacher burnout in pre-schools: A cross-cultural factorial validity, measurement invariance and latent mean comparison of the Maslach Burnout Inventory, Educators Survey (MBI- ES).Children and Youth Services Review, 94, 186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.09.041
  • Admiraal, W., Røberg, K.-I. K., Wiers‐Jenssen, J., & Saab, N. (2023). Mind the gap: Earlycareer teachers' level of preparedness, professional development, working conditions, and feelings of distress. Social Psychology of Education, 26(6), 1759. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-023-09819-6
  • Admiraal, W., Røberg, K.-I. K., Wiers‐Jenssen, J., & Saab, N. (2023). Mind the gap: Earlycareer teachers' level of preparedness, professional development, working conditions, and feelings of distress. Social Psychology of Education, 26(6), 1759. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-023-09819-6
  • Anderson, B. K., Meyer, J. P., Vaters, C., & Espinoza, J. A. (2019). Measuring Personal Growth and Development in Context: Evidence of Validity in Educational and Work Settings. Journal of Happiness Studies, 21(6), 2141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-01900176-w
  • Avola, P., Soini, T., Jyrkiäinen, A., & Pentikäinen, V. (2025). Interventions to Teacher Well-Being and Burnout A Scoping Review [Review of Interventions to Teacher WellBeing and Burnout A Scoping Review]. Educational Psychology Review, 37(1). Springer
  • Science+Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-025-09986-2
  • Bardach, L., M. Klassen, R., & E. Perry, N. (2021). Teachers' Psychological Characteristics: Do They Matter for Teacher Effectiveness, Teachers' Well-being, Retention, and Interpersonal Relations? An Integrative Review. Educational Psychology Review, 34(1), 259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-021-09614-9
  • Belmes, M. G. D., Abellana, A. L., & Orongan, R. C. (2025). Emotional Well-Being and Organizational Commitment of Teachers Instructional Delivery. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 3979. https://doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2025.903sedu0285
  • Bezuidenhout, A., & Cilliers, F. (2010). Burnout, work engagement and sense of coherence in female academics in higher-education institutions in South Africa.SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 36(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v36i1.872
  • BİNGÖL, T., & Batık, M. V. (2018). Unconditional Self-Acceptance and Perfectionistic Cognitions as Predictors of Psychological Well-Being. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 7(1), 67. https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v7i1.3712
  • Birchall, A. (2021). Working on Wellbeing: An exploration of the factors that support teacher wellbeing, and the potential role for Educational Psychologists. In Doctoral thesis, UCL (University College London). https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10122171/
  • Bożek, A., Nowak, P. F., & Blukacz, M. (2020). The Relationship Between Spirituality, Health-Related Behavior, and Psychological Well-Being. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01997
  • Brunzell, T., Stokes, H., & Waters, L. (2018). Why Do You Work with Struggling Students? Teacher Perceptions of Meaningful Work in Trauma-Impacted Classrooms. The Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 43(2), 116. https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2018v43n2.7
  • Burkett, J. (2025). Mental Health Awareness for Teachers: A Review of the Literature.
  • Journal of Educational Leadership in Action, 10(1).https://doi.org/10.62608/21641102.1174
  • Cann, R., Sinnema, C., Daly, A. J., & Rodway, J. (2024). Swimming against the Tide: A Mixed-Methods Study of how the MARKERS Educator Wellbeing Program Changed Educators' Relational Space. International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology, 9(2), 799. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41042-024-00153-6
  • Cann, R., Sinnema, C., Rodway, J., & Daly, A. J. (2023). What do we know about interventions to improve educator wellbeing? A systematic literature review. Journal of Educational Change, 25(2), 231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10833-023-09490-w
  • Cansoy, R., Parlar, H., & Türkoğlu, M. E. (2020). A Predictor of Teachers' Psychological Well-Being: Teacher Self-Efficacy. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.15345/iojes.2020.04.003
  • Castro Silva, J., Peixoto, F., Galhoz, A., & Gaitas, S. (2023). Job demands and resources as predictors of well-being in portuguese teachers. European Journal of Teacher Education, https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2023.2288552
  • Cefai, C., Galea, N., Spiteri, R., & Cavioni, V. (2025). From burnout to growth: the relationship between teachers' job satisfaction, wellbeing and mental health. Frontiers in Education, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1708863
  • Cemaloğlu, N., & Çoban, Ö. (2019). OKUL YÖNETİCİLERİNİN LİDERLİK STİLLERİ İLE PSİKOLOJİK İYİ OLMA DURUMLARI ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ.DergiPark (Istanbul University). https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/milliegitim/issue/43527/532810
  • Cervellione, B., Lombardo, E. M. C., & Iacolino, C. (2025). Psychological resources and interventions for teachers' emotional competence and well-being: a systematic review.Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1640968. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1640968
  • Chaudhry, S., & Chhajer, R. (2023). Enhancing psychological well-being of school teachers in India: role of energy management, thriving, and stress. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1239587
  • Che, Y., Samad, S., Han, H., & Ryu, H. B. (2025). Beyond the classroom: How CSR fosters teacher well-being and institutional success in higher education. Acta Psychologica, 255, 104899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104899
  • Chen, Z. (2024). Primary school teachers are immune: a journey in the sea of psychological well-being, buoyancy, and engagement. BMC Psychology, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01592-1
  • Christodoulopoulos, I. E. (2025). Teacher self-directed learning and self-professional development: Perspectives and challenges in contemporary educational reality. International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 15(2), 1311. https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2025.15.2.1570
  • Collie, R. J. (2024). Teacher well-being and workload in schools: Implications for policy and practice. Educational Psychology Review, 36(1), 1.
  • Collie, R. J. (2025). Predictors and outcomes of teachers' perceived social-emotional competence. Teaching and Teacher Education, 168, 105255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2025.105255
  • Collie, R. J., Martin, A. J., Morin, A. J. S., Malmberg, L., & Sammons, P. (2021). A Multilevel Person-Centered Examination of Teachers' Workplace Experiences: Replication and Extension With Links to Instructional Support and Achievement. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.711173
  • Dalbudak, İ., & Balyan, M. (2021). A relação entre o bem-estar psicológico e a percepção de sucesso dos alunos do ensino médio que praticam esportes. Revista on Line de Política e Gestão Educacional, 1432. https://doi.org/10.22633/rpge.v25i2.15498
  • Dayagbil, F. T., & Alda, R. (2024). Continuing professional development opportunities: Teachers' motivation and perceived effectiveness. International Journal of Education and Practice, 12(3), 584. https://doi.org/10.18488/61.v12i3.3733
  • Dierendonck, D. van, & Lam, H. (2022). Interventions to enhance eudaemonic psychological well‐being: A meta‐analytic review with Ryff's Scales of Psychological Well‐being.Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being, 15(2), 594. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12398
  • Dreer, B. (2022). Teacher well-being: Investigating the contributions of school climate and job crafting. Cogent Education, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186x.2022.2044583
  • Dreer, B. (2023). On the outcomes of teacher wellbeing: a systematic review of research [Review of On the outcomes of teacher wellbeing: a systematic review of research]. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. Frontiers Media. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1205179
  • Egbekpalu, P. E. (2022). Socio-Cultural Basis of Happiness: African Existential Perspective. In IntechOpen eBooks. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.107874
  • Emeljanovas, A., Sabaliauskas, S., Mežienė, B., & Istomina, N. (2023). The relationships between teachers' emotional health and stress coping. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1276431
  • ERTÜRK, R. (2023). The Effect of Teacher Autonomy on Teachers' Professional Dedication. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 10(2), 494. https://doi.org/10.52380/ijpes.2023.10.2.1048
  • Forster, M., Kuhbandner, C., & Hilbert, S. (2022). Teacher Well-Being: Teachers' Goals and Emotions for Students Showing Undesirable Behaviors Count More Than That for Students Showing Desirable Behaviors. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.842231
  • Gadermann, A., Petteni, M. G., Molyneux, T. M., Warren, M. T., Thomson, K., SchonertReichl, K. A., Guhn, M., & Oberle, E. (2023). Teacher mental health and workplace wellbeing in a global crisis: Learning from the challenges and supports identified by teachers one year into the COVID-19 pandemic in British Columbia, Canada. PLoS ONE, 18(8).
  • https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0290230
  • García-Hernández, M. L., Bernárdez-Gómez, A., Currás, M. P., & Soto, A. T. (2022). Changes in teaching from the perspective of novice and retired teachers: Present and past in review. Frontiers in Education, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.1068902
  • Gast, I., Neelen, M., Delnoij, L. E. C., Menten, M., Mihai, A., & Grohnert, T. (2022). Supporting the well-being of new university teachers through teacher professional development. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.866000
  • Gibson, A., & Hicks, R. E. (2018). Psychological Capital and Core Self-Evaluations in the Workplace: Impacts on Well-Being. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 10(2), 15. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v10n2p15
  • Goyibova, N., Muslimov, N., Sabirova, G., Kadirova, N., & Samatova, B. (2025). Differentiation approach in education: Tailoring instruction for diverse learner needs. MethodsX, 14, 103163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2025.103163
  • Guhao, E. S., & Sioting, R. N. (2023). ORGANIZATIONAL TRUST, TEACHERS' SELFEFFICACY AND SCHOOL CULTURE: A STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODEL ON PROFESSIONAL LEARNING COMMUNITIES AMONG PUBLIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS IN REGION XI. European Journal of Education Studies, 10(6). https://doi.org/10.46827/ejes.v10i6.4855
  • Henn, C. M., Hill, C., & Jorgensen, L. I. (2016). An investigation into the factor structure of the Ryff Scales of Psychological Well-Being.SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 42(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v42i1.1275
  • Huynh, V.-S., Giang, T.-V., Nguyen, V.-K., Nguyen, C.-H., & Bui, H.-Q. (2023). The Possibility of Applying the Social-Emotional Learning Model in Teaching of Primary Teachers: A Vietnamese Case Study. European Journal of Educational Research, 387. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.12.1.387
  • J. Collie, R. (2023). Teacher well‐being and turnover intentions: Investigating the roles of job resources and job demands. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 93(3), 712. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12587
  • Jarden, R., Siegert, R. J., Koziol‐McLain, J., Bujalka, H., & Sandham, M. (2023). Wellbeing measures for workers: a systematic review and methodological quality appraisal [Review of Wellbeing measures for workers: a systematic review and methodological quality appraisal]. Frontiers in Public Health, 11. Frontiers Media. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1053179
  • Jin, J., Mercer, S., Babić, S., & Mairitsch, A. (2020). 'You just appreciate every little kindness': Chinese language teachers' wellbeing in the UK.System, 96, 102400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2020.102400
  • Jomuad, P. D., Leah, M., Cericos, E. U., Bacus, J., Vallejo, J. H., Dionio, B. B., Bazar, J. S., Cocolan, J. V., & Clarin, A. S. (2021). International Journal of Educational Policy Research and Review, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.15739/ijeprr.21.007
  • Jong, F. de. (2023). All on Board, Take Off! An Example of Practitioner's Research on Teachers' Professional Well-being in Higher Education in Their Early Career Stages. Journal of Management and Strategy, 14(1), 31. https://doi.org/10.5430/jms.v14n1p31
  • Juchnowicz, M., & Kinowska, H. (2023). Factors affecting occupational well-being of public administration employees in Poland. Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology Organization and Management Series, 2023(166), 351. https://doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2022.166.23
  • Juma, A. A. (2024). Enhancing Teacher Professional Development: Strategies, Challenges, and Impacts on Instructional Practice and Student Learning Outcomes: A Review of Research Literature [Review of Enhancing Teacher Professional Development: Strategies, Challenges, and Impacts on Instructional Practice and Student Learning Outcomes: A Review of Research Literature]. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology, 12(4), 450. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology (IJRASET). https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.59655
  • Karnopp, J., & Björklund, P. (2025). Valued, Trusted, and Supported: Leadership Influences on Sense of Belonging in New Teachers. Journal of School Leadership, 36(1), 71. https://doi.org/10.1177/10526846251369089
  • Kern, M. L., Waters, L., Adler, A., & White, M. A. (2014). Assessing Employee Wellbeing in Schools Using a Multifaceted Approach: Associations with Physical Health, Life Satisfaction, and Professional Thriving. Psychology, 5(6), 500. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2014.56060
  • Kuo, L., & Tsai, P.-H. (2023). Exploring ecological and professional competences' development on the perspectives of teachers' "needs." E3S Web of Conferences, 460, 5028. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346005028
  • Lemon, N., & Turner, K. (2024). Unravelling the wellbeing needs of Australian teachers: a qualitative inquiry. Australian Educational Researcher. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13384023-00687-9
  • Liu, X., & Trent, J. O. (2023). Being a Teacher in China: A Systematic Review of Teacher Identity in Education Reform [Review of Being a Teacher in China: A Systematic Review of Teacher Identity in Education Reform]. International Journal of Learning Teaching and Educational Research, 22(4), 267. Tresorix Ltd. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.22.4.15
  • Lu, J., Chen, J., Li, Z., & Li, X. (2024). A systematic review of teacher resilience: A perspective of the job demands and resources model. Teaching and Teacher Education, 151, 104742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2024.104742
  • Makeleni, S., Mutongoza, B. H., Linake, M. A., & Ndu, O. G. (2023). Teacher SelfEfficacy and Learner Assessment: A Perspective from Literature on South African Indigenous Languages in the Foundation Phase. Journal of Curriculum Studies Research, 5(3), 44. https://doi.org/10.46303/jcsr.2023.30
  • Mansfield, J., Smith, K., Adams, M., & Wan, L. (2023). Valuing COVID-19 as an opportunity to understand teacher agency. Journal of Educational Change. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10833-023-09488-4
  • Maqsood, S., Bano, S., & Safdar, Z. S. (2023). Psychological Functioning of Teachers Working in General and Special School Settings. Clinical and Counselling Psychology Review, 4(2), 1. https://doi.org/10.32350/ccpr.42.01
  • Martin, M. M. (2024). Professional Standards for Teachers Landscape in the Standpoint of Teaching Profession: Insight from Higher Education Institution (HEI) Instructors. International Journal of Learning Teaching and Educational Research, 23(1), 114. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.23.1.7
  • Molina, E., Pushparatnam, A., Rimm‐Kaufman, S. E., & Wong, K. K. (2018). EvidenceBased Teaching: Effective Teaching Practices in Primary School Classrooms. In World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8656
  • Muhammad Sohail, M., Baghdady, A., Y Choi, J., V. Huynh, H., Whetten, K., & Jean Proeschold‐Bell, R. (2023). Factors influencing teacher wellbeing and burnout in schools: A scoping review1.Work, 76(4), 1317. https://doi.org/10.3233/wor-220234
  • Ngussa, B. M., & Gabriel, L. (2017). Participation in Decision Making and Teachers' Commitment: A Comparative Study between Public and Private Secondary Schools in Arusha Municipality, Tanzania. American Journal of Educational Research, 5(7), 801. https://doi.org/10.12691/education-5-7-17
  • Nipper, N. G., Wingerden, J. van, & Poell, R. F. (2018). The Motivational Potential of Human Resource Development: Relationships Between Perceived Opportunities for Professional Development, Job Crafting and Work Engagement. International Journal of Learning and Development, 8(2), 27. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijld.v8i2.13197
  • Nwoko, J. C., Anderson, E., Adegboye, O. A., Malau‐Aduli, A. E. O., & Malau‐Aduli, B. S. (2024). Navigating Teachers' Occupational Well-Being in the Tides of Classroom Processes and School Structures. Education Sciences, 14(11), 1225. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14111225
  • Nwoko, J. C., Anderson, E., Adegboye, O. A., Malau‐Aduli, A. E. O., & Malau‐Aduli, B. S. (2025). From passion to pressure: exploring the realities of the teaching profession. Frontiers in Public Health, 13, 1505330. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1505330
  • OECD. (2023). Teachers' well-being: Supporting teachers' professional lives. OECD Publishing.
  • Ozturk, M., Wigelsworth, M., & Squires, G. (2024). A systematic review of primary school teachers' wellbeing: room for a holistic approach [Review of A systematic review of primary school teachers' wellbeing: room for a holistic approach]. Frontiers in Psychology, 15. Frontiers Media. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1358424
  • Radovan, D. M. (2018). The teacher's role and professional development. International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science Engineering and Education, 6(2), 33. https://doi.org/10.5937/ijcrsee1802033m
  • Ryff, C. D. (2018). Well-Being With Soul: Science in Pursuit of Human Potential.
  • Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13(2), 242. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617699836
  • Ryff, C. D. (2023). Contributions of eudaimonic well-being to mental health practice.
  • Mental Health and Social Inclusion, 27(4), 276. https://doi.org/10.1108/mhsi-12-20220091
  • Said, S., & Abdallah, W. (2024). Enhancing lifelong learning and professional growth: Exploring the role of self-directed learning for university educators. Journal of Adult and Continuing Education, 30(2), 439. https://doi.org/10.1177/14779714241236282
  • Salavera, C., & Urbón, E. (2024). Emotional wellbeing in teachers. Acta Psychologica, 245, 104218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104218
  • Salavera, C., Urbón, E., Usán Supervía, P., Galdames Franco, V., Paterna, A., & Aguilar, J. (2024). Psychological wellbeing in teachers. Study in teachers of early childhood and primary education.Heliyon, 10(7). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28868 Salvador Violago, A., & Edward T. Fabella, F. (2023). Psychological Well-Being of Junior High School Teachers. Cognizance Journal, 3(6), 103. https://doi.org/10.47760/cognizance.2023.v03i06.008 Savariz, E. A., & Magallanes, A. O. (2024). Collaborative School Culture of Public Secondary Schools in the Municipality of Lebak. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 2633. https://doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2024.8100220 Simone, M. F. S. D. (2023). Employees' Well-Being in Organizational Studies. American International Journal of Contemporary Research. https://doi.org/10.30845/aijcr.v13n1p3 Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2025). Shared Values in the Teaching Profession: A Study of Relations with Perceived Social Support, Job Satisfaction, Engagement, and Sense of Belonging. Creative Education, 16(4), 571. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2025.164034 Szabó, É., Kóródi, K., Szél, E., & Jagodics, B. (2021). Facing the Inevitable: The Effects of Coronavirus Disease Pandemic and Online Teaching on Teachers' Self-Efficacy, Workload and Job Satisfaction. European Journal of Educational Research, 151. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.11.1.151 Teachers workload in relation to burnout and work. (2021). In International Journal of Educational Policy Research and Review (Vol. 8, Issue 2). Journal Issues Limited. https://doi.org/10.15739/IJEPRR.21.007 Ullah, F. (2017). Personality Factors as Determinants of Psychological Well-Being among University Students. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.25215/0402.061 Üztemur, S., Gökalp, A., İlğan, A., & DİNÇ, E. (2026). Leadership, autonomy, and organizational trust as predictors of teacher wellbeing and job satisfaction: a cross-cultural study based on PISA 2022 data. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1703458. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1703458 Veletić, J., Price, H. E., & Olsen, R. V. (2023). Teachers' and principals' perceptions of school climate: the role of principals' leadership style in organizational quality. Educational Assessment Evaluation and Accountability, 35(4), 525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11092-023-09413-6 Wahab, N. Y. A., Rahman, R. A., Mahat, H., Hudin, N. S., Ramdan, M. R., Razak, M. N. A., & Yadi, N. N. M. (2024). Impacts of Workload on Teachers' Well-Being: A Systematic Literature Review. TEM Journal, 2544. https://doi.org/10.18421/tem133-80 Wang, G., Bai, H., Wang, S., & Hu, Y. (2025). Teacher autonomy and teacher job satisfaction: A chain-mediated model of self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 35(1), 117. https://doi.org/10.32604/jpa.2025.065785 Wang, X., Li, Y., Chen, K., & Zheng, Y. (2024). Understanding teacher emotional exhaustion: exploring the role of teaching motivation, perceived autonomy, and teacher– student relationships. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1342598 Weiss, J. K., Bottling, M., & Kärner, T. (2023). Professional identification in the beginning of a teacher's career: a longitudinal study on identity formation and the basic psychological need for autonomy in VET teacher training. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1196473 Xue, Z., Huang, H., & Yu, Q. (2024). The associations among gratitude, job crafting, teacher-student relationships, and teacher psychological well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1329782 YENTÜR, M. M. (2023). The Effect of Geography Teachers' Self-Efficacy Perceptions and Attitudes Toward Teaching on Their Motivation. International Journal of Educational Research Review, 8(2), 360. https://doi.org/10.24331/ijere.1255100 Yolcu, O., & Akar-Vural, R. (2021). An Examination of Instructional Autonomy Practices of Science Teachers. International Journal of Educational Methodology, 7(1), 79. https://doi.org/10.12973/ijem.7.1.79 Yu, D., Chen, J., & Kouhsari, M. (2026). Teachers' Professional Well-Being Across Borders: The Interaction Between Job Demands and Resources. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-026-01091-4 Zeng, S., Jun, A., Kabir, P., Xu, F., Zhang, Y., & Douglass, A. (2025). Teacher Turnover and Factors Contributing to Workforce Retention: Supporting Teachers Working with Children with Challenging Behaviors. Early Childhood Education Journal, 54(3), 2103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-025-01994-9 Zhou, S., Slemp, G. R., & Vella‐Brodrick, D. (2024). Factors Associated with Teacher Wellbeing: A Meta-Analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 36(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-024-09886-x Варіна, Г. Б., & Protsenko, A. (2024). ОСОБЛИВОСТІ РОЗВИТКУ ЖИТТЄСТІЙКОСТІ ТА АДАПТИВНОСТІ ВЧИТЕЛЯ ФІЗИЧНОЇ КУЛЬТУРИ В УМОВАХ ЗМІН І КРИЗ. Journal of Modern Psychology, 2, 15. https://doi.org/10.26661/2310-4368/2024-2-2. Current Issue Atom logo RSS2 logo
  • Salvador Violago, A., & Edward T. Fabella, F. (2023). Psychological Well-Being of Junior
  • High School Teachers. Cognizance Journal, 3(6), 103. https://doi.org/10.47760/cognizance.2023.v03i06.008
  • Savariz, E. A., & Magallanes, A. O. (2024). Collaborative School Culture of Public Secondary Schools in the Municipality of Lebak. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 2633. https://doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2024.8100220
  • Simone, M. F. S. D. (2023). Employees' Well-Being in Organizational Studies. American International Journal of Contemporary Research. https://doi.org/10.30845/aijcr.v13n1p3
  • Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2025). Shared Values in the Teaching Profession: A Study of Relations with Perceived Social Support, Job Satisfaction, Engagement, and Sense of Belonging. Creative Education, 16(4), 571. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2025.164034
  • Szabó, É., Kóródi, K., Szél, E., & Jagodics, B. (2021). Facing the Inevitable: The Effects of Coronavirus Disease Pandemic and Online Teaching on Teachers' Self-Efficacy, Workload and Job Satisfaction. European Journal of Educational Research, 151. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.11.1.151
  • Teachers workload in relation to burnout and work. (2021). In International Journal of Educational Policy Research and Review (Vol. 8, Issue 2). Journal Issues Limited. https://doi.org/10.15739/IJEPRR.21.007
  • Ullah, F. (2017). Personality Factors as Determinants of Psychological Well-Being among University Students. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.25215/0402.061
  • Üztemur, S., Gökalp, A., İlğan, A., & DİNÇ, E. (2026). Leadership, autonomy, and organizational trust as predictors of teacher wellbeing and job satisfaction: a cross-cultural study based on PISA 2022 data. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1703458. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1703458
  • Veletić, J., Price, H. E., & Olsen, R. V. (2023). Teachers' and principals' perceptions of school climate: the role of principals' leadership style in organizational quality. Educational Assessment Evaluation and Accountability, 35(4), 525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11092-023-09413-6
  • Wahab, N. Y. A., Rahman, R. A., Mahat, H., Hudin, N. S., Ramdan, M. R., Razak, M. N. A., & Yadi, N. N. M. (2024). Impacts of Workload on Teachers' Well-Being: A Systematic Literature Review. TEM Journal, 2544. https://doi.org/10.18421/tem133-80
  • Wang, G., Bai, H., Wang, S., & Hu, Y. (2025). Teacher autonomy and teacher job satisfaction: A chain-mediated model of self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 35(1), 117. https://doi.org/10.32604/jpa.2025.065785
  • Wang, X., Li, Y., Chen, K., & Zheng, Y. (2024). Understanding teacher emotional exhaustion: exploring the role of teaching motivation, perceived autonomy, and teacher– student relationships. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1342598
  • Weiss, J. K., Bottling, M., & Kärner, T. (2023). Professional identification in the beginning of a teacher's career: a longitudinal study on identity formation and the basic psychological need for autonomy in VET teacher training. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1196473
  • Xue, Z., Huang, H., & Yu, Q. (2024). The associations among gratitude, job crafting, teacher-student relationships, and teacher psychological well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1329782
  • YENTÜR, M. M. (2023). The Effect of Geography Teachers' Self-Efficacy Perceptions and Attitudes Toward Teaching on Their Motivation. International Journal of Educational Research Review, 8(2), 360. https://doi.org/10.24331/ijere.1255100
  • Yolcu, O., & Akar-Vural, R. (2021). An Examination of Instructional Autonomy Practices of Science Teachers. International Journal of Educational Methodology, 7(1), 79. https://doi.org/10.12973/ijem.7.1.79
  • Yu, D., Chen, J., & Kouhsari, M. (2026). Teachers' Professional Well-Being Across Borders: The Interaction Between Job Demands and Resources. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-026-01091-4
  • Zeng, S., Jun, A., Kabir, P., Xu, F., Zhang, Y., & Douglass, A. (2025). Teacher Turnover and Factors Contributing to Workforce Retention: Supporting Teachers Working with Children with Challenging Behaviors. Early Childhood Education Journal, 54(3), 2103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-025-01994-9
  • Zhou, S., Slemp, G. R., & Vella‐Brodrick, D. (2024). Factors Associated with Teacher Wellbeing: A Meta-Analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 36(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-024-09886-x
  • Варіна, Г. Б., & Protsenko, A. (2024). ОСОБЛИВОСТІ РОЗВИТКУ ЖИТТЄСТІЙКОСТІ ТА АДАПТИВНОСТІ ВЧИТЕЛЯ ФІЗИЧНОЇ КУЛЬТУРИ В УМОВАХ ЗМІН І КРИЗ. Journal of Modern Psychology, 2, 15. https://doi.org/10.26661/2310-4368/2024-2-2.