Chrysin as a Natural Flavonoid for Gout Management: Mechanistic Insight and Therapeutic Perspectives

Gout, a disease of king, is a chronic inflammatory and metabolic disorder caused by hyperuricemia and urate crystal deposition, leading to severe joint inflammation and pain. Conventional therapies such as allopurinol, febuxostat, NSAIDs, and colchicine are effective but associated with significant adverse effects, including hepatotoxicity, gastrointestinal intolerance, cardiovascular risks, and drug interactions. Chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone), a natural flavonoid obtained from honey and propolis, has anti-hyperuricemic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, so it is a promising alternative for gout. Chrysin reduces uric acid levels primarily through xanthine oxidase inhibition and modulation of renal urate transporters, and suppresses inflammatory pathways including NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome, as a result decreasing inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Preclinical studies demonstrate that chrysin significantly lowers serum uric acid, reduces joint swelling, and improves inflammation. However, its clinical application is limited by poor solubility and low oral bioavailability. Advanced drug delivery systems such as nanoparticles and liposomes have shown potential to improve their pharmacokinetic profile. Overall, chrysin represents a promising natural therapeutic candidate for gout management, warranting further clinical investigation.