Adenosine A2A Receptor Modulation for Neuroprotection Using Repurposed Istradefylline

Istradefylline, an approved adenosine A2A receptor antagonist, prevents excitotoxicity caused by neurotoxic snake venoms through blockade of adenosine A2A receptors on glutamatergic terminals. This reduces glutamate release and subsequent NMDA receptor overactivation, particularly relevant for elapid envenoming with neuromuscular symptoms.