Campamentos romanos en Navarra: inventario por teledetección y estadística circular

An inventory of 33 possible Roman military enclosures in Navarre and the western Pyrenean foothills is presented, identified exclusively through remote sensing (historical aerial photography 1927–2003 and LiDAR SITNA/IDENA 2007–2026), without systematic excavation. The identification method is based on a three-factor diagnostic applicable to any territory with open LiDAR coverage: (1) canonical SSW-NNE orientation (azimuth 144.3°– 221.4°), (2) playing card shape morphology with anguli rotundi visible in LiDAR as real positive microrelief, and (3) medieval municipal boundaries fossilising the perimeter of the Roman agger. This constitutes the first inventory of Roman military enclosures in Hispania based on a formal predictive method. Formal statistical validation through four convergent tests on 33 azimuths measured with UTM coordinates (chi-square χ2(7) = 134.03, p ≈ 0; Rayleigh Z = 29.78, p ≈ 1.17 × 10−13; r = 0.9499, 95% CI [0.9410–0.9572]; Watson U2 =1.9231, p < 0.01; Kuiper V* = 4.6689, p < 0.01) demonstrates that the directional distribution is statistically incompatible with topographic randomness (probability of error < 1 in 1030), is not an artefact of spatial landscape autocorrelation, and constitutes a provincial augural system with centralized planning and adaptive variability, typologically coherent with those documented in Britannia and Hispania. The enclosures are organised in a hierarchical territorial system articulated around the Tarraco–Oiasso road and the western Pyrenean river network, with large operational bases (Donapetria 32.6 ha, Irunzabal 29 ha, Bordaxar 27 ha, Orbaizeta Grande 11 ha), march camps (Ostiz 17 ha, Doneztebe ~17 ha) and control castella (Ziganda 2–3 ha, Orreaga 2.4 ha, Burgocharre 2 ha). The inventory includes three enclosures with direct Roman architectural evidence: Donapetria (cardo-decumanus visible in 1950s cropmarks), Orbaizeta Grande (cardo-decumanus and porta claviculata visible in 1945 historical photography), and Orreaga (10 m agger with opus caementicium arch). All identifications are hypotheses pending direct archaeological verification.χ2(7) = 121.24, p = 4.23 × 10−23; Rayleigh Z = 28.22, p < 10−12; Watson U2 = 1.569, p < 0.001; Kuiper V* = 4.373, p < 0.01; Moran’s I = 0.035, p_sim = 0.224 — not significant; Watson U2 two-sample vs. La Chana confirmed practice camps = 0.419, p < 0.01) on 30 azimuths measured with UTM coordinates demonstrates that the directional distribution is statistically incompatible with topographic randomness, is not an artefact of spatial landscape autocorrelation, and is statistically distinct from the random orientation distribution of confirmed practice camps. The enclosures are organised in a hierarchical territorial system articulated around the Tarraco- Oiasso road and the river network of the western Pyrenees. All identification proposals are hypotheses pending direct archaeological verification.