Incidence and risk factors of neonatal hypoglycaemia in term and preterm infants

Background: Neonatal hypoglycemia is one of the most common metabolic disorders encountered in the neonatal period and is associated with significant morbidity if not detected and managed early. It is particularly prevalent among high-risk neonates such as preterm infants, low birth weight babies, and infants born to diabetic mothers. Early identification of risk factors and timely intervention are essential to prevent adverse outcomes.

Objectives: To determine the incidence of neonatal hypoglycemia among term and preterm infants admitted to the NICU and to identify the associated maternal and neonatal risk factors.

Methodology: A prospective observational study was conducted in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of LLRM Medical College, Meerut, from January 2025 to 2026. A total of 100 neonates, including both term and preterm infants, were enrolled based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Detailed maternal and neonatal history was recorded, and clinical examination was performed. Blood glucose levels were monitored as per NICU protocol. Neonates were evaluated for risk factors such as prematurity, low birth weight, maternal diabetes, birth asphyxia, sepsis, and feeding delay. Data were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods, and a p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: The incidence of neonatal hypoglycemia was found to be 34%. A significantly higher proportion of hypoglycemia was observed among preterm neonates (64.7%) and low birth weight infants (70.6%). Maternal diabetes, birth asphyxia, sepsis, and delayed initiation of feeding were also significantly associated with hypoglycemia (p < 0.05). Most hypoglycemic episodes occurred within the first 24 hours of life. Gender did not show a statistically significant association.

Conclusion: Neonatal hypoglycemia is a common condition in NICU settings and is strongly associated with identifiable risk factors such as prematurity, low birth weight, and maternal and perinatal conditions. Early screening, prompt management, and preventive strategies such as timely feeding can significantly reduce the risk and associated complications.