An Improved Computational Lower Bound for f(3) via Wróblewski's Recursive Pairing of Behrend Sphere Blocks
Authors/Creators
- 1. Pip Projects, Inc.
- 2. Digital Sidewalk Lab
- 3. Independent Researcher
Description
We report a new computational lower bound improving the best published result due to Wróblewski (1984): f(3) ≥ 3.0084928720.
The construction is Wróblewski's recursive pairing of Behrend sphere blocks, implemented as a Python script that embeds, compiles, and calls a C kernel at runtime; the C kernel uses unsigned __int128 arithmetic and OpenMP parallelism for node enumeration, while Python arbitrary-precision integers handle all shift computation. The 3-AP-free property is guaranteed by Wróblewski's pairing theorem and requires no computational verification. A conservative floating-point error analysis, explicitly separating denominator rounding and summation error, confirms that the computed value exceeds Wróblewski's bound by a factor exceeding 10¹⁵ relative to a conservative total IEEE 754 error bound. Two independent implementations (single-threaded and 12-core OpenMP) produce matching node counts and matching harmonic sums to the reported precision. Full source code, checkpoint data, checksums, and citation metadata are provided as supplementary material in the Zenodo deposit.
Files
Improved_Computational_Lower_Bound_f3.pdf
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Additional details
Software
- Repository URL
- https://github.com/darbybailey/f3-lower-bound/
- Programming language
- Python , C
References
- Wróblewski, J. (1984). A nonaveraging set of integers with a large sum of reciprocals. Mathematics of Computation, 43(167), 261–262. https://doi.org/10.2307/2007580
- Bloom, T., & Sisask, O. (2020). Breaking the logarithmic barrier in Roth's theorem on arithmetic progressions. arXiv:2007.03528. https://arxiv.org/abs/2007.03528
- Kelley, Z., & Meka, R. (2023). Strong bounds for 3-progressions. FOCS 2023 Best Paper. arXiv:2302.05537. https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.05537
- Bloom, T. F., & Sisask, O. (2023). The Kelley–Meka bounds for sets free of three-term arithmetic progressions. Essential Number Theory, 2(1), 15–44. https://doi.org/10.2140/ent.2023.2.15 (arXiv:2302.07211)
- Raghavan, R. (2026). Improved bounds for 3-progressions. arXiv:2603.27045. https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.27045
- Walker, A. (2022, rev. 2025). Integer sets of large harmonic sum which avoid long arithmetic progressions. arXiv:2203.06045. https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.06045
- Behrend, F. A. (1946). On sets of integers which contain no three terms in arithmetical progression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 32(12), 331–332. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.32.12.331
- Higham, N. J. (2002). Accuracy and Stability of Numerical Algorithms (2nd ed.). SIAM. https://doi.org/10.1137/1.9780898718027