Conventional, Minimum/Reduced, and Zero Tillage: Implications for Soil and Water Conservation and Residue Management in Global and Indian Contexts

This study critically evaluates conventional, reduced, and zero tillage systems with a focus on soil and water conservation, residue management, and sustainability in global agriculture and the Indo-Gangetic Plains. A systematic narrative review approach was used, synthesizing peer-reviewed literature (1990-2025) from major scientific databases. Results indicate that zero tillage systems, particularly Happy Seeder-based practices, can enhance soil aggregation, increase infiltration, and improve moisture retention through residue mulching. Quantitative evidence suggests yield gains of 6.8-17%, cost reductions of up to 29%, irrigation savings of 20-30%, and greenhouse gas emission reductions exceeding 50% compared to conventional systems. However, outcomes vary across soil types, climatic conditions, and management practices. Key limitations include herbicide dependence, weed resistance, and socio-economic constraints affecting adoption. The study concludes that conservation tillage offers significant potential for climate-smart agriculture, but its effectiveness depends on region-specific adaptation, integrated nutrient and weed management, and supportive policy frameworks.