Separatism and Territorial Disputes as Factors Underpinning Democratization and Authoritarianization

Separatism and territorial disputes are typically driven by a range of factors, including the aspiration to break away from discriminatory practices targeting an ethnic group, the desire to preserve a distinct collective identity, efforts to address economic inequalities, or, conversely, attempts to prevent the redistribution of wealth perceived as unfair. Territorial disputes, in turn, often stem from the refusal to accept historical changes in state borders or from broader geopolitical ambitions. Political actors frequently justify such disputes by invoking the need to restore historical justice, ensure national security, or protect the “vital interests” of the state.

This study aims to examine how separatism and territorial disputes influence the process of democratization in the countries of the European Union’s Eastern Neighbourhood. While a growing body of literature addresses the relationship between conflict and political development, it often assumes that democratization and conflict resolution are mutually reinforcing processes. However, the experience of post-Soviet states suggests a more complex and, in many cases, contradictory interplay.