Hybrid E-Voting: Integrating Homomorphic Encryption and DLT for Polarized Scenarios

ABSTRACT

E-voting in polarized contexts requires a strict balance between public verifiability, ballot secrecy, and
coercion resistance. Traditional centralized systems lack transparency, while fully decentralized models
face scalability and privacy issues. This paper proposes a hybrid architecture compliant with
OSCE/ODIHR standards [1] for low-trust environments. The protocol decouples identity from voting an
off-chain Oracle manages authorization via cryptographic tokens, while the Waves DLT acts as an
immutable bulletinboard.Utilizinghomomorphicencryption[2],Zero-KnowledgeRangeProofs(ZKRP) [3],
and Distributed Key Generation (DKG) [4], the system ensures End-to-End Verifiability (E2E) by
delegating tallying to auditable scripts. Finally, the study examines model limitations, specifically
regarding endpoint vulnerabilities and physical constraints on coercion resistance.

KEYWORDS

E-Voting, Distributed Ledger Technology, Homomorphic Encryption, End-to-End Verifiability, ZeroKnowledge Proofs

PDF LINK: https://ijcionline.com/paper/15/15226ijci01.pdf

VOLUME LINK: https://airccse.org/journal/ijci/Current2026.html

MORE DETAILS: https://airccse.org/journal/ijci/index.html