Published April 12, 2026 | Version v1
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CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR PERSPECTIVES IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: FOCUS ON DIABETES AND THYROID DISEASES

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Endocrinology, the study of hormones and their physiological effects, plays a central role in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of various metabolic and systemic disorders. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the key endocrine disorders, recent diagnostic methods, and therapeutic innovations. It highlights the importance of integrating clinical practice with laboratory advances to improve patient outcomes.

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References

  • 1.American Diabetes Association. (2024). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 47(Suppl 1).
  • 2.European Society of Endocrinology. (2023). Clinical Practice Guidelines on Hypothyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol.
  • 3.Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, et al. (2020). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 20th ed. McGraw-Hill.
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  • 5.WHO. (2021). Global report on diabetes. Geneva: World Health Organization.