Published April 9, 2026
| Version v1
Journal article
Open
Morphological and genetic evidence for the Sarcaulus brasiliensis complex (Sapotaceae, Chyrsophylloideae) reveals a new species from the rainforests of the Middle Magdalena Valley, Colombia
Authors/Creators
- 1. Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Cajicá-Zipaquirá, Colombia|Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, United States of America
- 2. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom
- 3. Herbario Universitario (PORT), Mesa de Cavacas, Venezuela
- 4. Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Cajicá-Zipaquirá, Colombia
Description
Sarcaulus is a small genus of neotropical trees in the Sapotaceae. Most specimens in herbaria are identified as S. brasiliensis, a species recognized from Costa Rica to Bolivia. Morphological characteristics and molecular sequence data help us to identify a new species of Sarcaulus with hermaphrodite flowers from the Middle Magdalena Valley, Colombia. A complete description, an illustration, a Lancaster plate, information about habitat, phenology, conservation status, and the species name etymology are presented. In addition, a key for identifying Sarcaulus species is provided. Sarcaulus paujilensis is remarkable for its bisexual flowers, in an otherwise predominantly unisexual (plant dioecious) genus. This new finding increases the number of species of the genus in the Neotropical flora to six. More fieldwork and molecular phylogenetics are needed to establish many new taxa.
Files
PK_article_175192.pdf
Files
(1.9 MB)
| Name | Size | Download all |
|---|---|---|
|
md5:82dd5ea60257f9264bc29901874080cf
|
1.7 MB | Preview Download |
|
md5:1c4b4b7c59bfc545c81450b2eee73d94
|
159.0 kB | Preview Download |
Linked records
Additional details
References
- Aubréville A (1962) Notes sur des Poutériées Américaines. Adansonia 1: 150–191. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.325957
- Aymard Corredor GA, Jaramillo MA (2023) A new species of Schlegelia (Schlegeliaceae) from wet montane forest of Colombia and a key for the species of the genus. PhytoKeys 230: 257–269. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.230.107398
- Aymard Corredor GA, Jaramillo MA, Majín-Ladino AF (2024) Grias lucindoae (Lecythidaceae), a new species from wet montane forest of Serranía de las Quinchas, Boyacá Department, Colombia. Brittonia 76: 144–152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12228-023-09770-y
- Baehni C (1942) Mémoires sur les Sapotacées. II., Le genre Pouteria. Candollea: 147–476.
- Baldwin BG (1992) Phylogenetic utility of the internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA in plants: an example from the Compositae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 1: 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/1055-7903(92)90030-K
- Bartish IV, Antonelli A, Richardson JE, Swenson U (2011) Vicariance or long-distance dispersal: Historical biogeography of the pantropical subfamily Chrysophylloideae (Sapotaceae). Journal of Biogeography 38: 177–190. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02389.x
- Bocanegra-González K, Cuevas-González JP, Dexter KG, Pennington RT (2024) The genus Inga in the Chocó region. Editorial Universidad del Tolima.
- Cazzolla Gatti R, Reich PB, Gamarra PJG, Crowther T, Hui C, Morera A, Bastin J-F, de-Miguel S, Nabuurs G-J, Svenning J-C, Serra-Diaz JM, Merow C, Enquist B, Kamenetsky M, Lee J, Zhu J, Fang J, Jacobs DF, Pijanowski B, Banerjee A, Giaquinto RA, Alberti G, Maria Almeyda Zambrano A, Alvarez-Davila E, Araujo-Murakami A, Avitabile V, Aymard GA, Balazy R, Baraloto C, Barroso JG, Bastian ML, Birnbaum P, Bitariho R, Bogaert J, Bongers F, Bouriaud O, Brancalion PHS, Brearley FQ, North Broadbent E, Bussotti F, Castro da Silva uu W, Gomes RC, Cesljar G, Chama Moscoso V, Chen Han YH, Cienciala E, Clark CJ, Coomes DA, Dayanandan S, Decuyper M, Dee LE, Del Aguila Pasquel J, Derroire G, Kamdem Djuikouo MN, Van Do T, Dolezal J, Dordevic ID, Engel J, Fayle TM, Feldpausch TR, Fridman JK, Harris DJ, Hemp A, Hengeveld G, Herault B, Herold M, Ibanez T, Jagodzinski AM, Jaroszewicz B, Jeffery KJ, Kvist Johannsen V, Jucker T, Kangur A, Karminov VN, Kartawinata K, Kennard DK, Kepfer-Rojas S, Keppel G, Latif Khan M, Kumar Khare P, Kileen TJ, Seok Kim H, Korjus H, Kumar A, Kumar A, Laarmann D, Labriere N, Lang M, Lewis SL, Lukina N, Maitner BS, Malhi Y, Marshall AR, Martynenko OV, Monteagudo Mendoza AL, Ontikov PV, Ortiz-Malavasi E, Pallqui Camacho NC, Paquette A, Park M, Parthasarathy N, Luis Peri P, Petronelli P, Pfautsch S, Phillips OL, Picard N, Piotto D, Poorter L, Poulsen JR, Pretzsch H, Ramírez-Angulo H, Restrepo Correa Z, Rodeghiero M, Rojas Gonzales R, Rolim SG, Rovero F, Rutishauser E, Saikia P, Salas-Eljatib C, Schepaschenko D, Scherer-Lorenzen M, ır Sebe V, Silveira M, Slik F, Sonk B, Souza AF, Sterenczak KJ, Svoboda M, Taedoumg H, Tchebakova N, Terborgh J, Tikhonova E, Torres-Lezama A, van der Plas F, asquez RV, Viana H, Vibrans AC, Vilanova E, Vos VA, Wang H-F, Westerlund B, White TLJ, Wiser SK, Zawiła-Niedzwiecki T, Zemagho L, Zhu Z-X, Zo-Bi IC, Liang J (2022) The number of tree species on Earth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 116: e2115329119.
- Draper FC, Asner GP, Honorio Coronado EN, Baker TR, García-Villacorta R, Pitman NCA, Fine PVA, Phillips OL, Zárate Gómez R, Amasifuén Guerra CA, Flores Arévalo M, Vásquez Martínez R, Brienen RJW, Monteagudo-Mendoza A, Torres Montenegro LA, Valderrama Sandoval E, Roucoux KH, Ramírez Arévalo FR, Mesones Acuy Í, Del Aguila Pasquel J, Tagle Casapia X, Flores Llampazo G, Corrales Medina M, Reyna Huaymacari J, Baraloto C (2019) Dominant tree species drive beta diversity patterns in western Amazonia. Ecology 100(4): e02636. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2636
- Draper FC, Costa FRC, Arellano G, Phillips OL, Duque A, Macía MJ, ter Steege H, Asner GP, Berenguer E, Schietti J, Socolar JB, de Souza FC, Dexter KG, Jørgensen PM, Tello JS, Magnusson WE, Baker TR, Castilho CV, Monteagudo-Mendoza A, Fine PVA, Ruokolainen K, Coronado ENH, Aymard G, Dávila N, Sáenz MS, Paredes MAR, Engel J, Fortunel C, Paine CET, Goret JY, Dourdain A, Petronelli P, Allie E, Andino JEG, Brienen RJW, Pérez LC, Manzatto ÂG, Zambrana NYP, Molino JF, Sabatier D, Chave J, Fauset S, Villacorta RG, Réjou-Méchain M, Berry PE, Melgaço K, Feldpausch TR, Sandoval EV, Martinez RV, Mesones I, Junqueira AB, Roucoux KH, de Toledo JJ, Andrade AC, Camargo JL, del Aguila Pasquel J, Santana FD, Laurance WF, Laurance SG, Lovejoy TE, Comiskey JA, Galbraith DR, Kalamandeen M, Aguilar GEN, Arenas JV, Guerra CAA, Flores M, Llampazo GF, Montenegro LAT, Gomez RZ, Pansonato MP, Moscoso VC, Vleminckx J, Barrantes OJV, Duivenvoorden JF, de Sousa SA, Arroyo L, Perdiz RO, Cravo JS, Marimon BS, Junior BHM, Carvalho FA, Damasco G, Disney M, Vital MS, Diaz PRS, Vicentini A, Nascimento H, Higuchi N, Van Andel T, Malhi Y, Ribeiro SC, Terborgh JW, Thomas RS, Dallmeier F, Prieto A, Hilário RR, Salomão RP, Silva R da C, Casas LF, Vieira ICG, Araujo-Murakami A, Arevalo FR, Ramírez-Angulo H, Torre EV, Peñuela MC, Killeen TJ, Pardo G, Jimenez-Rojas E, Castro W, Cabrera DG, Pipoly J, de Sousa TR, Silvera M, Vos V, Neill D, Vargas PN, Vela DM, Aragão LEOC, Umetsu RK, Sierra R, Wang O, Young KR, Prestes NCCS, Massi KG, Huaymacari JR, Gutierrez GAP, Aldana AM, Alexiades MN, Baccaro F, Céron C, Muelbert AE, Rios JMG, Lima AS, Lloyd JL, Pitman NCA, Gamarra LV, Oroche CJC, Fuentes AF, Palacios W, Patiño S, Torres-Lezama A, Baraloto C (2021) Amazon tree dominance across forest strata. Nature Ecology and Evolution 5: 757–767. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-021-01418-y
- De Faria AD, Pirani JR, Ribeiro JELDS, Nylinder S, Terra-Araujo MH, Vieira PP, Swenson U (2017) Towards a natural classification of Sapotaceae subfamily Chrysophylloideae in the Neotropics. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 185: 27–55. https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/box042
- Font-Quer P (2001) Diccionario de Botánica. Ediciones Península, Barcelona.
- IUCN (2024) The IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, ver. 16. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee. http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf [accessed 29 September 2025]
- Katoh K, Standley DM (2013) MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: Improvements in performance and usability. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30: 772–780. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010
- Londoño-Echeverri Y (2025) New species in Chromolucuma, Chrysophyllum, Pouteria and Pradosia (Chrysophylloideae, Sapotaceae) from the Magdalena and Cauca Rivers basins in Colombia. Phytotaxa 697: 24–46. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.697.1.2
- Luize BG, Tuomisto H, Ekelschot R, Dexter KG, Amaral IL do, Coelho L de S, Matos FD de A, Lima Filho D de A, Salomão RP, Wittmann F, Castilho CV, Carim M de JV, Guevara JE, Phillips OL, Magnusson WE, Sabatier D, Cardenas Revilla JD, Molino J-F, Irume MV, Martins MP, Guimarães JR da S, Ramos JF, Bánki OS, Piedade MTF, Cárdenas López D, Pitman NCA, Demarchi LO, Schöngart J, de Leão Novo EMM, Núñez Vargas P, Silva TSF, Venticinque EM, Manzatto AG, Reis NFC, Terborgh J, Casula KR, Honorio Coronado EN, Mendoza AM, Montero JC, Costa FRC, Feldpausch TR, Quaresma AC, Castaño Arboleda N, Zartman CE, Killeen TJ, Marimon BS, Marimon BH, Vasquez R, Mostacedo B, Assis RL, Baraloto C, do Amaral DD, Engel J, Petronelli P, Castellanos H, de Medeiros MB, Simon MF, Andrade A, Camargo JL, Laurance WF, Laurance SGW, Rincón LM, Schietti J, Sousa TR, Mori GB, Farias E de S, Lopes MA, Magalhães JLL, Nascimento HEM, de Queiroz HL, Vasconcelos CC, Aymard CGA, Brienen R, Stevenson PR, Araujo-Murakami A, Cintra BBL, Baker TR, Feitosa YO, Mogollón HF, Duivenvoorden JF, Peres CA, Silman MR, Ferreira LV, Lozada JR, Comiskey JA, de Toledo JJ, Damasco G, Dávila N, Draper FC, García-Villacorta R, Lopes A, Vicentini A, Valverde FC, Alonso A, Arroyo L, Dallmeier F, Gomes VHF, Jimenez EM, Neill D, Peñuela Mora MC, Noronha JC, de Aguiar DPP, Barbosa FR, Bredin YK, Carpanedo R de S, Carvalho FA, Souza FC de, Feeley KJ, Gribel R, Haugaasen T, Hawes JE, Pansonato MP, Pipoly JJ, Paredes MR, Rodrigues D de J, Barlow J, Berenguer E, da Silva IB, Ferreira MJ, Ferreira J, Fine PVA, Guedes MC, Levis C, Licona JC, Villa Zegarra BE, Vos VA, Cerón C, Durgante FM, Fonty É, Henkel TW, Householder JE, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco I, Silveira M, Stropp J, Thomas R, Daly D, Milliken W, Molina GP, Pennington T, Vieira ICG, Albuquerque BW, Campelo W, Fuentes A, Klitgaard B, Pena JLM, Tello JS, Vriesendorp C, Chave J, Di Fiore A, Hilário RR, Pereira L de O, Phillips JF, Rivas-Torres G, van Andel TR, von Hildebrand P, Balee W, Barbosa EM, Bonates LC de M, Dávila Doza HP, Zárate Gómez R, Gonzales T, Gallardo Gonzales GP, Hoffman B, Junqueira AB, Malhi Y, Miranda IP de A, Pinto LFM, Prieto A, Rudas A, Ruschel AR, Silva N, Vela CIA, Zent S, Zent EL, Endara MJ, Cano A, Carrero Márquez YA, Correa DF, Costa JBP, Monteiro Flores B, Galbraith D, Holmgren M, Kalamandeen M, Lobo G, Torres Montenegro L, Nascimento MT, Oliveira AA, Pombo MM, Ramirez-Angulo H, Rocha M, Scudeller VV, Umaña MN, van der Heijden G, Vilanova Torre E, Vargas TM, Ahuite Reategui MA, Baider C, Balslev H, Cárdenas S, Casas LF, Farfan-Rios W, Ferreira C, Linares-Palomino R, Mendoza C, Mesones I, Parada GA, Torres-Lezama A, Urrego Giraldo LE, Villarroel D, Zagt R, Alexiades MN, de Oliveira EA, Fortier RP, Garcia-Cabrera K, Hernandez L, Palacios Cuenca W, Pansini S, Pauletto D, Ramirez Arevalo F, Sampaio AF, Valderrama Sandoval EH, Valenzuela Gamarra L, Hirota M, Palma-Silva C, ter Steege H (2024) The biogeography of the Amazonian tree flora. Communications Biology 7: e1240. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-024-06937-5
- Majín-Ladino AF, Jaramillo MA, Aymard GA (2024) Pentagonia plicatifolia (Rubiaceae, Dialypetalantheae) a new species from the Middle Magdalena Valley of Colombia, with a key for the Colombian species of the genus. Brittonia 77: 76–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12228-024-09815-w
- Mendoza-Cifuentes H, Quiroga-Nova JD, Díaz-Rueda DM, Ayala-Joya M, Aymard-Corredor G (2023) Two new species of Caryodaphnopsis (Lauraceae) from the Magdalena Medio, Colombia, with an updated key for the Neotropical Caryodaphnopsis species. Acta Botanica Mexicana: e2263. https://doi.org/10.21829/abm130.2023.2263
- Morales JF (2015) Sapotaceae. In: Hammel BE, Grayum MH, Herrera C, Zamora N (Eds) Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica. 96–140. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.891
- Pennington TD (1990) Flora Neotropica (Vol. 52), Sapotaceae. New York Botanical Garden Press, New York, 770 pp.
- Pennington TD (2004) Sapotaceae. In: Kubitzki K (Ed.) The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 390–421. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07257-8_41
- Pennington TD, Bernal R (2016) Sapotaceae. In: Bernal R, Gradstein SR, Celis M (Eds) Catalogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá.
- Pennington TD, Monro AK, Knapp S, Thornton-Wood SP (2009) Sapotaceae. Flora Mesoamericana.
- Petersen JJ, Parker IM, Potter D (2012) Origins and close relatives of a semi-domesticated neotropical fruit tree: Chrysophyllum cainito (Sapotaceae). American Journal of Botany 99: 585–604. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1100326
- Rivers MC, Taylor L, Brummitt NA, Meagher TR, Roberts DL, Lughadha EN (2011) How many herbarium specimens are needed to detect threatened species? Biological Conservation 144: 2541–2547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.07.014
- Rodríguez Eraso N, Armenteras-Pascual D, Alumbreros JR (2013) Land use and land cover change in the Colombian Andes: Dynamics and future scenarios. Journal of Land Use Science 8: 154–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/1747423X.2011.650228
- Salgado J, Shurin JB, Vélez MI, Link A, Lopera-Congote L, González-Arango C, Jaramillo F, Åhlén I, deLuna G (2022) Causes and consequences of recent degradation of the Magdalena River basin, Colombia. Limnology and Oceanography Letters. https://doi.org/10.1002/lol2.10272
- Serrano J, Richardson JE, Milne RI, Mondragon GA, Hawkins JA, Bartish IV, Gonzalez M, Chave J, Madriñán S, Cárdenas D, Sanchez SD, Cortés-BR, Pennington RT (2021) Andean orogeny and the diversification of lowland neotropical rain forest trees: A case study in Sapotaceae. Global and Planetary Change 201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2021.103481
- Stamatakis A (2014) RAxML version 8: A tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics 30: 1312–1313. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033
- ter Steege H, Prado PI, Lima RAF de, Pos E, de Souza Coelho L, de Andrade Lima Filho D, Salomão RP, Amaral IL, de Almeida Matos FD, Castilho CV, Phillips OL, Guevara JE, de Jesus Veiga Carim M, Cárdenas López D, Magnusson WE, Wittmann F, Martins MP, Sabatier D, Irume MV, da Silva Guimarães JR, Molino JF, Bánki OS, Piedade MTF, Pitman NCA, Ramos JF, Monteagudo Mendoza A, Venticinque EM, Luize BG, Núñez Vargas P, Silva TSF, de Leão Novo EMM, Reis NFC, Terborgh J, Manzatto AG, Casula KR, Honorio Coronado EN, Montero JC, Duque A, Costa FRC, Castaño Arboleda N, Schöngart J, Zartman CE, Killeen TJ, Marimon BS, Marimon-Junior BH, Vasquez R, Mostacedo B, Demarchi LO, Feldpausch TR, Engel J, Petronelli P, Baraloto C, Assis RL, Castellanos H, Simon MF, de Medeiros MB, Quaresma A, Laurance SGW, Rincón LM, Andrade A, Sousa TR, Camargo JL, Schietti J, Laurance WF, de Queiroz HL, Nascimento HEM, Lopes MA, de Sousa Farias E, Magalhães JLL, Brienen R, Aymard CGA, Revilla JDC, Vieira ICG, Cintra BBL, Stevenson PR, Feitosa YO, Duivenvoorden JF, Mogollón HF, Araujo-Murakami A, Ferreira LV, Lozada JR, Comiskey JA, de Toledo JJ, Damasco G, Dávila N, Lopes A, García-Villacorta R, Draper F, Vicentini A, Cornejo Valverde F, Lloyd J, Gomes VHF, Neill D, Alonso A, Dallmeier F, de Souza FC, Gribel R, Arroyo L, Carvalho FA, de Aguiar DPP, do Amaral DD, Pansonato MP, Feeley KJ, Berenguer E, Fine PVA, Guedes MC, Barlow J, Ferreira J, Villa B, Peñuela Mora MC, Jimenez EM, Licona JC, Cerón C, Thomas R, Maas P, Silveira M, Henkel TW, Stropp J, Paredes MR, Dexter KG, Daly D, Baker TR, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco I, Milliken W, Pennington T, Tello JS, Pena JLM, Peres CA, Klitgaard B, Fuentes A, Silman MR, Di Fiore A, von Hildebrand P, Chave J, van Andel TR, Hilário RR, Phillips JF, Rivas-Torres G, Noronha JC, Prieto A, Gonzales T, de Sá Carpanedo R, Gonzales GPG, Gómez RZ, de Jesus Rodrigues D, Zent EL, Ruschel AR, Vos VA, Fonty É, Junqueira AB, Doza HPD, Hoffman B, Zent S, Barbosa EM, Malhi Y, de Matos Bonates LC, de Andrade Miranda IP, Silva N, Barbosa FR, Vela CIA, Pinto LFM, Rudas A, Albuquerque BW, Umaña MN, Carrero Márquez YA, van der Heijden G, Young KR, Tirado M, Correa DF, Sierra R, Costa JBP, Rocha M, Vilanova Torre E, Wang O, Oliveira AA, Kalamandeen M, Vriesendorp C, Ramirez-Angulo H, Holmgren M, Nascimento MT, Galbraith D, Flores BM, Scudeller VV, Cano A, Ahuite Reategui MA, Mesones I, Baider C, Mendoza C, Zagt R, Urrego Giraldo LE, Ferreira C, Villarroel D, Linares-Palomino R, Farfan-Rios W, Farfan-Rios W, Casas LF, Cárdenas S, Balslev H, Torres-Lezama A, Alexiades MN, Garcia-Cabrera K, Valenzuela Gamarra L, Valderrama Sandoval EH, Ramirez Arevalo F, Hernandez L, Sampaio AF, Pansini S, Palacios Cuenca W, de Oliveira EA, Pauletto D, Levesley A, Melgaço K, Pickavance G (2020) Biased-corrected richness estimates for the Amazonian tree flora. Scientific Reports 10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-66686-3
- ter Steege H, Pitman NCA, do Amaral IL, de Souza Coelho L, de Almeida Matos FD, de Andrade Lima Filho D, Salomão RP, Wittmann F, Castilho CV, Guevara JE, Veiga Carim M de J, Phillips OL, Magnusson WE, Sabatier D, Revilla JDC, Molino JF, Irume MV, Martins MP, da Silva Guimarães JR, Ramos JF, Bánki OS, Piedade MTF, Cárdenas López D, Rodrigues D de J, Demarchi LO, Schöngart J, Almeida EJ, Barbosa LF, Cavalheiro L, dos Santos MCV, Luize BG, de Leão Novo EMM, Vargas PN, Silva TSF, Venticinque EM, Manzatto AG, Reis NFC, Terborgh J, Casula KR, Honorio Coronado EN, Monteagudo Mendoza A, Montero JC, Costa FRC, Feldpausch TR, Quaresma AC, Castaño Arboleda N, Zartman CE, Killeen TJ, Marimon BS, Marimon-Junior BH, Vasquez R, Mostacedo B, Assis RL, Baraloto C, do Amaral DD, Engel J, Petronelli P, Castellanos H, de Medeiros MB, Simon MF, Andrade A, Camargo JL, Laurance WF, Laurance SGW, Maniguaje Rincón L, Schietti J, Sousa TR, de Sousa Farias E, Lopes MA, Magalhães JLL, Nascimento HEM, de Queiroz HL, Aymard CGA, Brienen R, Stevenson PR, Araujo-Murakami A, Baker TR, Cintra BBL, Feitosa YO, Mogollón HF, Duivenvoorden JF, Peres CA, Silman MR, Ferreira LV, Lozada JR, Comiskey JA, Draper FC, de Toledo JJ, Damasco G, García-Villacorta R, Lopes A, Vicentini A, Cornejo Valverde F, Alonso A, Arroyo L, Dallmeier F, Gomes VHF, Jimenez EM, Neill D, Peñuela Mora MC, Noronha JC, de Aguiar DPP, Barbosa FR, Bredin YK, de Sá Carpanedo R, Carvalho FA, de Souza FC, Feeley KJ, Gribel R, Haugaasen T, Hawes JE, Pansonato MP, Ríos Paredes M, Barlow J, Berenguer E, da Silva IB, Ferreira MJ, Ferreira J, Fine PVA, Guedes MC, Levis C, Licona JC, Villa Zegarra BE, Vos VA, Cerón C, Durgante FM, Fonty É, Henkel TW, Householder JE, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco I, Pos E, Silveira M, Stropp J, Thomas R, Daly D, Dexter KG, Milliken W, Molina GP, Pennington T, Vieira ICG, Weiss Albuquerque B, Campelo W, Fuentes A, Klitgaard B, Pena JLM, Tello JS, Vriesendorp C, Chave J, Di Fiore A, Hilário RR, de Oliveira Pereira L, Phillips JF, Rivas-Torres G, van Andel TR, von Hildebrand P, Balee W, Barbosa EM, de Matos Bonates LC, Dávila Doza HP, Zárate Gómez R, Gonzales T, Gallardo Gonzales GP, Hoffman B, Junqueira AB, Malhi Y, de Andrade Miranda IP, Pinto LFM, Prieto A, Rudas A, Ruschel AR, Silva N, Vela CIA, Zent EL, Zent S, Cano A, Carrero Márquez YA, Correa DF, Costa JBP, Flores BM, Galbraith D, Holmgren M, Kalamandeen M, Lobo G, Torres Montenegro L, Nascimento MT, Oliveira AA, Pombo MM, Ramirez-Angulo H, Rocha M, Scudeller VV, Sierra R, Tirado M, Umaña MN, van der Heijden G, Vilanova Torre E, Reategui MAA, Baider C, Balslev H, Cárdenas S, Casas LF, Endara MJ, Farfan-Rios W, Ferreira C, Linares-Palomino R, Mendoza C, Mesones I, Parada GA, Torres-Lezama A, Urrego Giraldo LE, Villarroel D, Zagt R, Alexiades MN, de Oliveira EA, Garcia-Cabrera K, Hernandez L, Cuenca WP, Pansini S, Pauletto D, Ramirez Arevalo F, Sampaio AF, Valderrama Sandoval EH, Gamarra LV, Levesley A, Pickavance G, Melgaço K (2023) Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora. Communications Biology 6: е1130. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-023-05514-6
- Swenson U, Anderberg AA (2005) Phylogeny, character evolution, and classification of Sapotaceae (Ericales). Cladistics 21: 101–130. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2005.00056.x
- Swenson U, Richardson JE, Bartish IV (2008) Multi-gene phylogeny of the pantropical subfamily Chrysophylloideae (Sapotaceae): Evidence of generic polyphyly and extensive morphological homoplasy. Cladistics 24: 1006–1031. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00235.x
- Swenson U, Lowry PP, Cronholm B, Nylinder S (2020) Resolving the relationships of the enigmatic Sapotaceae genera Beauvisagea and Boerlagella, and the position of Planchonella suboppositifolia. Taxon 69: 998–1015. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12313
- Swenson U, Nylinder S, Marticorena A, Thulin M, Lepschi B (2023a) Phylogenetic position and reinstatement of Gayella (Sapotaceae), a monotypic genus endemic to Chile with an Eocene origin in continental Australia. Taxon 72: 360–374. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12826
- Swenson U, Lepschi B, Lowry PP, Terra-Araujo MH, Santos K, Nylinder S, Alves-Araújo A (2023b) Reassessment of generic boundaries in Neotropical Chrysophylloideae (Sapotaceae): Eleven reinstated genera and narrowed circumscriptions of Chrysophyllum and Pouteria. Taxon 72: 307–359. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12894
- Terra-Araujo MH, de Faria AD, Vicentini A, Nylinder S, Swenson U (2015) Species tree phylogeny and biogeography of the Neotropical genus Pradosia (Sapotaceae, Chrysophylloideae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 87: 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.03.007
- Thiers B (2025) [continually updated] Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden's virtual herbarium. http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/ [accessed 25 July 2025]
- Verspagen N, Erkens RHJ (2022) A method for making Red List assessments with herbarium data and distribution models for species-rich plant taxa: Lessons from the Neotropical genus Guatteria (Annonaceae). Plant, People and Planet: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10309