The Principle of the Most Elementary Particles

This theory employs topology and differential geometry as mathematical tools to investigate the properties of particles. It first proposes two fundamental postulates, and based on these, integrates and develops special relativity, quantum mechanics, electromagnetic field theory, general relativity, particle theory, and cosmology, thereby forming a coherent theoretical system that completely describes particles—particularly a theory that elucidates the most fundamental properties and principles of particles. Taking these two postulates as logical starting points, the theory derives a large number of conclusions consistent with experimental facts and free of contradictions, including at least the following qualitative and quantitative results:

1. It explains the reason for the constancy of the speed of light and concludes that it is matter that expands, not empty space. The expansion process described by this theory agrees with astronomical observations, and it concludes that expansion is a geometric phenomenon rather than a mechanical one; hence, there is no need to invoke the hypothesis of dark energy to explain the cause or driving force of expansion.

2. The theory provides simple and elegant answers to formidable and profound problems. For example: Why does the z–component of electron spin have two possible values? Why does the z–component of neutrino spin have only one value? What is the nature of electric charge? Why are the charges of the electron and proton opposite? Why are photons and neutrinos electrically neutral? Why are neutrinos so difficult to detect? Why are light waves transverse rather than longitudinal? Why does a gravitational field exist? And so on.

3. It explains the basic principles of quantum mechanics using Lie group theory, providing an intuitive understanding of these principles and, at the same time, proving their validity.

4. It derives the quantitative relationships among the three mixing angles for neutrino oscillations, which are very close to experimental values, and shows that the cause of neutrino oscillations is not that neutrinos possess rest mass, but that the neutrino itself is a transformation group.

5. It explains the mechanisms that generate electromagnetic and gravitational fields, pointing out that they belong to different geometric structures.

6. It calculates the spin magnetic moments of the proton and neutron with very high precision. This result directly negates the existence of quarks and strongly supports the two fundamental postulates of this theory.

7. It explains the short–range mechanism underlying weak and strong interactions.

8. It gives a new definition of rest mass and analytically computes the rest mass ratio of the proton to the electron, achieving rather high accuracy.

9. It explains why particles can transform into one another and the internal mechanism of such transformations.

10. It provides a classification and description of the properties of elementary dark particles, as well as the mechanism by which all particles are born, and explains why there is so little antimatter in the universe.

11. It calculates the ratio of observable matter to dark matter in the universe, which is close to the observed value.

Keywords: elementary particles, Lie group, principal bundle, cosmic expansion, electromagnetic field, gravitational field, neutrino oscillation, spin magnetic moment, rest mass, dark particle.