Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Fixation in Thoracolumbar Fractures: A Clinical and Radiological Study

Background: Thoracolumbar fractures account for a significant proportion of spinal injuries and commonly result from high-energy trauma such as road traffic accidents and falls from height. The thoracolumbar junction (T11–L2) is particularly vulnerable due to the biomechanical transition between the rigid thoracic spine and the mobile lumbar spine. Surgical stabilization is frequently required in unstable fractures to restore spinal alignment, prevent neurological deterioration, and facilitate early mobilization.

Methods: This prospective study evaluated 20 patients with thoracolumbar fractures managed with percutaneous pedicle screw fixation. Patients were assessed clinically and radiologically. Parameters studied included mode of injury, associated injuries, interval between trauma and surgery, and radiological outcomes such as anterior vertebral body compression (ABC). Radiological evaluation was performed preoperatively, immediately postoperatively, and during follow-up.

Results: The mean preoperative anterior vertebral body compression (ABC) was 32.6 ± 6.92%, which improved to 22.35 ± 5.17% postoperatively and was 24 ± 4.83% at final follow-up. The majority of fractures occurred at the thoracolumbar junction and were predominantly caused by road traffic accidents and falls from height. Percutaneous pedicle screw fixation resulted in satisfactory restoration of vertebral body height and spinal alignment with minimal surgical morbidity.

Conclusion: Percutaneous pedicle screw fixation is an effective minimally invasive technique for stabilization of thoracolumbar fractures. It provides adequate fracture stabilization, satisfactory radiological correction, and favorable clinical outcomes while minimizing soft tissue damage and surgical complications.