Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Among Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS), a cluster of cardiometabolic risk factors including central obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance, is strongly associated with cardiovascular diseases. Its prevalence among patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) has been increasingly recognized but varies widely across populations. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to estimate the pooled prevalence of metabolic syndrome among patients with IHD.

Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases was conducted for studies published up to 2025. Observational studies reporting the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with ischemic heart disease were included. Data were pooled using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I² statistic, and subgroup analyses were performed based on region, diagnostic criteria, and patient characteristics.

Results: A total of 32 studies involving 12,845 patients were included. The pooled prevalence of metabolic syndrome among patients with IHD was 49% (95% CI: 44–54). Higher prevalence was observed in females (55%) compared to males (46%). Regional analysis showed the highest prevalence in South Asia (57%), followed by the Middle East (53%) and Europe (45%). Studies using NCEP ATP III criteria reported higher prevalence compared to IDF criteria.

Conclusion: Metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent among patients with ischemic heart disease, affecting nearly half of this population. Early identification and targeted management of metabolic risk factors are essential to improve cardiovascular outcomes.