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Published April 1, 2026 | Version 1.0
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Minimal Six-Dimensional Light Null Entity with Tetrahedral Coupling Structure

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We present a minimal six-dimensional (6D) null entity as an intrinsic geometric description of light, unifying propagation, polarization, phase, and frequency within a single closed manifold. Experimentally observed pairwise, triple, and quadruple couplings among these degrees of freedom define a tetrahedral coupling structure corresponding to a minimal closed information topology. This structure gives rise to an invariant geometric scaling relation for the speed of light C = (αk0)-1, thereby identifying C as the consequence of  topological closure rather than a postulate. Observed optical phenomena, including apparent discreteness in measurement and wave-particle duality, arise as projections of the 6D entity into four-dimensional (4D) spacetime. The framework predicts quantitatively measurable deviations governed by a universal quadratic scaling law and experimentally falsifiable signatures beyond conventional quantum electrodynamics.  

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Journal article: 10.1073/pnas.2317141121 (DOI)
Journal article: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017398 (DOI)

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Created
2026-04-01
Completion of the original manuscript (Acknowledgments: This research was funded by Cellmig Biolabs Fund (T.Y., 2016-2022) and Centiver Ltd Fund (T.Y., 2023-2026).