Published February 28, 2026 | Version 2.67

Reducing AI Hallucinations via Epistemic Error Resolution: An Engineering Framework Integrating Buddhist "Three Afflictions" and Second Physics

  • 1. Ronin
  • 2. Independent Researcher

Description

This paper proposes an engineering framework to reduce large-language-model
hallucinations by treating them as epistemic failures that arise when outputs lack a coherent
Source of Action and responsibility attribution. We integrate a Buddhist taxonomy of three
afflictions—ignorance (avidyā), delusion (moha), and wrong view (mithyā-dṛṣṭi)—with
Second Physics quantities, including correspondence pressure A, existence phase φ(t),
relational syntactic memory M ≡ E+δΨ, responsibility load ρ, and relational existence Exi(t).
The proposed protocol follows a two-stage design: fluent drafting may use probabilistic
generation, but final emission is gated by correspondence and responsibility constraints,
including a responsibility-conservation check that detects responsibility leakage. Under
explicitly stated constraints, a broad class of responsibility-free assertions becomes
structurally excludable without sacrificing fluency. We outline implementable proxies and
limitations, and position the framework as an engineering language for designing “honest
generation” under accountability. 

Files

Three Afflictions ver.2.67.pdf

Files (1.5 MB)

Name Size Download all
md5:698f44c98b63e6349bdb7e7429a0c3dc
1.5 MB Preview Download

Additional details

Related works

Is new version of
Preprint: 10.2139/ssrn.6316958 (DOI)

Dates

Submitted
2026-02-28
Manuscript first submitted on 28 February 2026 (as stated in the paper); archived on Zenodo on 31 March 2026.

References

  • Bender, E. M., Gebru, T., McMillan-Major, A., & Shmitchell, S. (2021). On the dangers of stochastic parrots: Can language models be too big? Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, 610–623. https://doi.org/10.1145/3442188.3445922
  • Floridi, L. (2011). The philosophy of information. Oxford University Press.
  • Ji, Z., Lee, N., Frieske, R., Yu, T., Su, J., Xu, Y., Ishii, E., Bang, Y. J., Madotto, A., & Fung, P. (2023). Survey of hallucination in natural language generation. ACM Computing Surveys, 55(12), 1–38. https://doi.org/10.1145/3571730
  • Nāgārjuna. (1995). The fundamental wisdom of the middle way: Nāgārjuna's Mūlamadhyamakakārikā (J. L. Garfield, Trans.). Oxford University Press. (Original work published c. 2nd century)
  • Ouyang, L., Wu, J., Jiang, X., Almeida, D., Wainwright, C., Mishkin, P., Zhang, C., Agarwal, S., Slama, K., Ray, A., Schulman, J., Hilton, J., & Christiano, P. (2022). Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.02155
  • Utsunomiya, T. (2025). The law of conservation of responsibility: A note in Second Physics (18 December 2025). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5932483 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5932483
  • Utsunomiya, Toshisada, What Is a Soul? (January 01, 2026). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5902022 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5902022
  • Vasubandhu. (1988–1990). Abhidharmakośabhāṣyam (Vols. 1–4; L. M. Pruden, Trans.). Asian Humanities Press. (Original work published c. 4th–5th century)
  • Wiener, N. (1948). Cybernetics: Or control and communication in the animal and the machine. MIT Press.