Analysis code for: Industrialization and low back pain among two traditionally small-scale subsistence societies

R code for the causal analysis of low back pain prevalence and risk factors across four populations (Turkana, Orang Asli, Tsimane, Raramuri/Tarahumara). Includes descriptive prevalence estimation using GAMs, continuous exposure effect estimation via G-computation with optimization-based and energy balancing weights, producing average exposure-response functions (AERFs) and average marginal effect functions (AMEFs). Also includes visualization scripts.