Biofertilizers: Types, Production Methods, and Applications in Sustainable Agriculture

Biofertilizers are environmentally sustainable agricultural inputs containing beneficial microorganisms that enhance soil fertility and plant growth by biological processes such as nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, and organic matter decomposition. Increasing environmental concerns and rising costs of chemical fertilizers have intensified interest in microbial-based nutrient management systems. This study reviews the classification, production methodologies, formulation techniques, and agricultural applications of biofertilizers. Key microorganisms including Azotobacter, Acetobacter, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB), plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), and Effective Microorganisms (EM) are discussed. Production involves mother culture preparation, fermentation, formulation, quality control, and packaging. Liquid biofertilizers demonstrate improved shelf life and thermal stability compared to carrier-based forms. Benefits include enhanced nutrient availability, improved crop yield, soil health restoration, and environmental protection. However, variability in field performance and storage constraints remain challenges. Strategic research and technological optimization can enhance the reliability and adoption of biofertilizers in sustainable agriculture.