Published March 20, 2026
| Version v1
Journal article
Open
A new species of Dondersiidae (Mollusca, Solenogastres) associated with a hydroid, with insights into the trophic ecology of Solenogastres
Authors/Creators
- 1. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, United States of America
- 2. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, United States of America|Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Description
We describe a new species of Solenogastres in the family Dondersiidae, Nematomenia quattriniae sp. nov., using an integrative taxonomic approach. The species is characterized by a slender, light-yellow body with a scaly appearance and dorsal keel, prominent anterior pedal glands, a dorsal foregut gland, a single dorso-terminal sensory organ, and the presence of seminal receptacles and seminal vesicles. Specimens were collected from a bathyal site (581 m depth) on the continental slope off Louisiana (USA) associated with the hydrozoan Acryptolaria abies (Allman, 1877), which displayed signs of an active defense response. This study sheds light on the trophic ecology of solenogasters and highlights the continued discovery of novel biodiversity and predator-prey interactions in deep-sea ecosystems.
Files
ZSE_article_172590.pdf
Files
(7.4 MB)
| Name | Size | Download all |
|---|---|---|
|
md5:1d17658b2384a31b8723dac516498fca
|
7.2 MB | Preview Download |
|
md5:a7f9ea4de4bb3ea2fac80578e5e2f049
|
232.1 kB | Preview Download |
Linked records
Additional details
References
- Allman GJ (1877) Report on the Hydroida collected during the exploration of the Gulf Stream by L.F. de Pourtalès, assistant United States Coast Survey. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy. Harvard College 5: 1–66. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.15852
- Avila C (1995) Natural products of opisthobranch molluscs: A biological review. Oceanography and Marine Biology - an Annual Review 33: 487–559.
- Baba K (1940) The mechanisms of absorption and excretion in a Solenogastre, Epimenia verrucosa (Nierstrasz) studied by means of injection methods. Journal of the Department of Agriculture. Kyusyu Imperial University 6(4): 121–163. https://doi.org/10.5109/22591
- Bergmeier FS, Haszprunar G, Todt C, Jörger KM (2016) Lost in a taxonomic Bermuda Triangle: Comparative 3D-microanatomy of cryptic mesopsammic Solenogastres (Mollusca). Organisms, Diversity & Evolution 16: 613–639. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-016-0266-6
- Bergmeier FS, Brandt A, Schwabe E, Jörger KM (2017) Abyssal Solenogastres (Mollusca, Aplacophora) from the Northwest Pacific: Scratching the surface of deep-sea diversity using integrative taxonomy. Frontiers in Marine Science 4: 410. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00410
- Bergmeier FS, Haszprunar G, Brandt A, Saito H, Kano Y, Jörger KM (2019) Of basins, plains, and trenches: Systematics and distribution of Solenogastres (Mollusca, Aplacophora) in the Northwest Pacific. Progress in Oceanography 178: 102187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2019.102187
- Bergmeier FS, Ostermair L, Jörger KM (2021) Specialized predation by deep-sea Solenogastres revealed by sequencing of gut contents. Current Biology: CB 31(13): R836–R837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.031
- Bo M, Bavestrello G, Canese S, Giusti M, Angiolillo M, Cerrano C, Greco S (2011) Coral assemblage off the Calabrian Coast (South Italy) with new observations on living colonies of Antipathes dichotoma. The Italian Journal of Zoology 78(2): 231–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/11250001003652619
- Bouchet P, Héros V, Lozouet P, Maestrati P (2008) A quarter-century of deep-sea malacological exploration in the South and West Pacific: Where do we stand? How far to go. Tropical deep-sea Benthos 25: 9–40.
- Buss LW (1981) Group living, competition, and the evolution of cooperation in a colonial animal. Science 213(4505): 1012–1014. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.213.4511.1012
- Calder DR, Cairns SD (2009) Hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) of the Gulf of Mexico. In: Felder DL, Camp DK (Eds) Gulf of Mexico - Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A and M University Press, College Station, Texas, 381–394.
- Carbone M, Gavagnin M, Haber M, Guo Y-W, Fontana A, Manzo E, Genta-Jouve G, Tsoukatou M, Rudman WB, Cimino G, Ghiselin MT, Mollo E (2013) Packaging and delivery of chemical weapons: A Defensive Trojan Horse stratagem in chromodorid nudibranchs. PLoS One 8: e62075. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062075
- Cartwright P, Evans NM, Dunn CW, Marques AC, Miglietta MP, Schuchert P, Collins AG (2008) Phylogenetics of Hydroidolina (Hydrozoa: Cnidaria). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88(8): 1663–1672. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315408002257
- Cobo MC, Kocot KM (2020) Micromenia amphiatlantica sp. nov.: First solenogaster (Mollusca, Aplacophora) with an amphi-Atlantic distribution and insight into abyssal solenogaster diversity. Deep-sea Research. Part I, Oceanographic Research Papers 157: 103189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2019.103189
- Cobo MC, Kocot KM (2021) On the diversity of abyssal Dondersiidae (Mollusca: Aplacophora) with the description of a new genus, six new species, and a review of the family. Zootaxa 4933(1): 063–097. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4933.1.3
- Cobo MC, Farris WJ, Olson CJ, McLaughlin EL, Kocot KM (2024a) Autonomous Reef Monitoring Structures (ARMS) as a tool to uncover neglected marine biodiversity: Two new Solenogastres (Mollusca, Aplacophora) from the Gulf of Mexico. ZooKeys 1221: 401. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1221.136385
- Cobo MC, Farris WJ, Kocot KM (2024b) New data on the biodiversity of Solenogastres (Mollusca, Aplacophora) in the Mediterranean Sea: Findings from the program "Our Planet Reviewed" Corsica 2019–2022. Zoosystema 46(21): 543–576. https://doi.org/10.5252/zoosystema2024v46a21
- Deevey ES (1954) Hydroids of the Gulf of Mexico. In: Gulf of Mexico. Its origin, waters, and marine life. Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service 55: 267–272.
- Di Camillo CG, Boero F, Gravili C, Previati M, Torsani F, Cerrano C (2013) Distribution, ecology and morphology of Lytocarpia myriophyllum (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), a Mediterranean Sea habitat former to protect. Biodiversity and Conservation 22(3): 773–787. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-013-0449-9
- Folmer O, Black M, Hoeh W, Lutz R, Vrijenhoek R (1994) DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 3: 294–299.
- Galea HR, Schories D, Holtheuer J (2020) Three new records of hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from southern Chile. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 126(2): 235–247.
- García-Álvarez O, Salvini-Plawen L (2007) Species and diagnosis of the families and genera of Solenogastres (Mollusca). Iberus: Revista de la Sociedad Española de Malacología 25(2): 73–143.
- Gibson R, Atkinson R, Gordon J, Smith I, Hughes D (2011) Coral-associated invertebrates: Diversity, ecological importance and vulnerability to disturbance. Oceanography and Marine Biology 49: 43–104.
- Gil-Mansilla E, García-Álvarez O, Urgorri V (2008) Metodología para la recolección, conservación y estudio de los moluscos Solenogastros. Reseñas Malacológicas XIII: 1–31.
- Goodheart JA, Bleidißel S, Schillo D, Strong EE, Ayres DL, Preisfeld A, Collins AG, Cummings MP, Wägele H (2018) Comparative morphology and evolution of the cnidosac in Cladobranchia (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Nudibranchia). Frontiers in Zoology 15: 43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-018-0289-2
- Goodheart JA, Barone V, Lyons DC (2022) Movement and storage of nematocysts across development in the nudibranch Berghia stephanieae (Valdés, 2005). Frontiers in Zoology 19(1): 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-022-00460-1
- Graham A (1955) Molluscan diets. Proceeding of the Malacological Society of London 31: 144–159. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.mollus.a064734
- Greenwood PG (2009) Acquisition and use of nematocysts by cnidarian predators. Toxicon: Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology 54(8): 1065–1070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.02.029
- Handl CH, Büchinger T (1996) Helluoherpia aegiri gen. n. et sp. n. aus Norwegen (Mollusca: Solenogastres: Dondersiidae). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums in Wien 98: 65–70.
- Handl CH, Salvini-Plawen LV (2001) New records of Solenogastres-Pholidoskepia (Mollusca) from Norwegian fjords and shelf waters including two new species. Sarsia 86(4–5): 367–381. https://doi.org/10.1080/00364827.2001.10425524
- Handl CH, Todt C (2005) Foregut glands of Solenogastres (Mollusca): Anatomy and revised terminology. Journal of Morphology 265(1): 28–42. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10336
- Heath H (1911) Reports on the scientific results of the expedition to the Tropical Pacific, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the US Fish Commission Steamer Albatross, from August 1899 to June 1900, Commander Jefferson F. Moser. XVI. 'The Solenogastres'. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 45: 1–182.
- Heath H (1912) Spengelomenia, a new genus of Solenogastres. Zoologische Jahrbücher 15(Suppl.): 465–479.
- Heins A, Glatzel T, Holst S (2015) Revised descriptions of the nematocysts and the asexual reproduction modes of the scyphozoan jellyfish Cassiopea andromeda (Forskål, 1775). Zoomorphology 134: 351–366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00435-015-0263-x
- Hoang DT, Chernomor O, Haeseler A, Minh BQ, Vinhn LS (2018) UFBoot2: Improving the ultrafast bootstrap approximation. Molecular Biology and Evolution 35: 518–522. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msx281
- Holznagel WE (1998) Research note: A nondestructive method for cleaning gastropod radulae from frozen, alcohol-fixed, or dried material. American Malacological Bulletin 14(2): 181–183.
- Hubrecht W (1888) Dondersia festiva gen. et spec. nov. Feestbundel aan Franciscus Cornelis Donders op den 27sten. Mei 1888, aangeboden door het Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde. F. van Rossen, Amsterdam, 324–339.
- Jaimes-Becerra A, Ranko G, Doonan L, Hartigan A, Marques AC, Okamura B, Long P (2019) "Beyond primary sequence" – Proteomic data reveal complex toxins in cnidarian venoms. Integrative and Comparative Biology 59(4): 777–785. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icz106
- Kalyaanamoorthy S, Minh BQ, Wong TKF, Haeseler A, Jermiin LS (2017) ModelFinder: Fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates. Nature Methods 14: 587–589. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.4285
- Katoh K, Standley DM (2013) MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: Improvements in performance and usability. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30(4): 772–780. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010
- Kocot KM, Todt C (2014) Three new meiofaunal solenogaster species (Mollusca: Aplacophora) from the north-east Pacific. Journal of Natural History 48(45–48): 3007–3031. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2014.961987
- Kocot KM, Todt C, Mikkelsen NT, Halanych KM (2019) Phylogenomics of Aplacophora (Mollusca, Aculifera) and a solenogaster without a foot. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 286(1902): 20190115. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0115
- Kowalevsky A (1881) Neomenia corallophila; Coeloplana metschnikovi. Izvestia Obschchestvo Liubitelei Estestvoznaniia Anthropologii i Ethnografii, Moscow 43(1): 5.
- Kubota S (1976) Notes on the Nematocysts of Japanese Hydroids, I (With 5 Text-figures and 1 Table). Hokkaido University, Faculty of Science Minutes [北海道大學理學部紀要] 20(2): 230–243.
- Leloup E (1948) Un nouveau Solénogastre à peau nue de l'Océan glacial Arctique, Micromenia simplex g. nov., sp. nov. Bulletin. Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique. Mededelingen. Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen (19): 1–7.
- Letunic I, Bork P (2019) Interactive Tree of Life (iTOL): An online tool for phylogenetic tree display and annotation. Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) 23(1): 127–128. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl529
- Mariottini GL, Pane L, Sarà M (2008) The role of cnidarian venom toxins in chemical defense mechanisms. Toxicon: Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology 52(7): 1038–1044.
- McClanahan T, Polunin N, Done T (2002) Ecological states and the resilience of coral reefs. Conservation Ecology 6(2): 18. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-00461-060218
- McCutcheon MG, Kocot KM, Carmen Cobo MC (2022) Uncovering the biodiversity of New Zealand Solenogastres (Mollusca, Aplacophora) with three new species of Proneomeniidae Simroth, 1893 and new data for Dorymenia quincarinata (Ponder, 1970). Molluscan Research 42(4): 271–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/13235818.2022.2143069
- Mendoza-Becerril MA, Maronna MM, Pacheco MLAF, Simões MG, Leme JM, Miranda LS, Morandini AC, Marques AC (2016) An evolutionary, comparative analysis of the medusozoan (Cnidaria) exoskeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 178(2): 206–225. https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12415
- Minh BQ, Schmidt HA, Chernomor O, Schrempf D, Woodhams MD, Von Haeseler A, Lanfear R (2020) IQ-TREE 2: New models and efficient methods for phylogenetic inference in the genomic era. Molecular Biology and Evolution 37(5): 1530–1534. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa015
- Neves R, Gaspar H, Calado G (2009) Does a shell matter for defense? Chemical deterrence in two cephalaspidean gastropods with calcified shells. The Journal of Molluscan Studies 75(2): 127–131. https://doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyp004
- Nierstrasz HF (1902) The Solenogastres of the Siboga-Expedition. In: Weber M (Ed.) Uitkomsten op Zoologisch, Botanisch, Oceanographisch en Geologisch Gebied verzameld in Nederlandsch Oost-Indië 1899–1900 aan boord H.M. Siboga onder commando van Luitenant ter zee 1e. kl. G.F. Tydeman. Siboga-Expeditie Monographie 47 (Livraison 5): 1–46. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10915
- Okusu A, Giribet G (2003) New 18S rRNA sequences from neomenioid aplacophorans and the possible origin of persistent exogenous contamination. The Journal of Molluscan Studies 69(4): 385–387. https://doi.org/10.1093/mollus/69.4.385
- Olson CJ, Kocot KM, Cobo MC (2025) Seven new species of Macellomeniidae Salvini-Plawen, 1978 (Mollusca, Solenogastres) from the North Atlantic. The Journal of Molluscan Studies 91(3): eyaf014. https://doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyaf014
- Open Ocean Trustee Implementation Group (2019) Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Natural Resource Damage Assessment, Open Ocean Trustee Implementation Group, Final Restoration Plan 2/ Environmental Assessment: Fish, Sea Turtles, Marine Mammals, and Mesophotic and Deep Benthic Communities.
- Ostermair L, Brandt A, Haszprunar G, Jörger KM, Bergmeier FS (2018) First insights into the solenogaster diversity of the Sea of Okhotsk with the description of a new species of Kruppomenia (Simrothiellidae, Cavibelonia). Deep-sea Research. Part II, Topical Studies in Oceanography 154: 214–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.12.008
- Östman C (1982) Nematocysts and taxonomy in Laomedea, Gonothyraea and Obelia (Hydrozoa, Campanulariidae). Zoologica Scripta 11(4): 227–241. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1982.tb00536.x
- Östman C (2000) A guideline to nematocyst nomenclature and classification, and some notes on the systematic value of nematocysts. Scientia Marina 64(Suppl. 1): 31–46. https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2000.64s131
- Paul VJ, Ritson-Williams R (2008) Marine chemical ecology. Natural Product Reports 25(4): 662–695. https://doi.org/10.1039/b702742g
- Peña Cantero AL (2009) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the Balleny Islands (Antarctica). Polar Biology 32(12): 1743–1751. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-009-0673-7
- Peña Cantero AL (2021) Additions to knowledge of the biodiversity of benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) in the Balleny Islands (Antarctica). Zootaxa 4966(3): 321336–321336. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4966.3.4
- Peña Cantero AL, Marques AC, Migotto AE (2007) Revision of the genus Acryptolaria Norman, 1875 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Lafoeidae). Journal of Natural History 41(5–8): 229–291. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930701228132
- Pica D, Puce S (2017) Investigation of nematocysts in stylasterids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Stylasteridae). Marine Biology Research 13(5): 513–520. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2016.1239020
- Pruvot G (1890) Sur quelques Néoméniées nouvelles de la Méditerranée. Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale (2)8: notes, [xxi–xxiv].
- Purcell JE, Mills CE (1988) The correlation between nematocyst types and diets in pelagic Hydrozoa, In: Hessinger, DA, Lenhoff HM (Eds) The Biology of Nematocysts. Academic Press, Orlando, 463–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-345320-4.50029-8
- Ros J (1977) La defensa en los opistobranquios. Investigación y Ciencia 12: 48–60.
- Russel HD (1942) Observations on the feeding of Aeolidia papillosa L., with notes on the hatching of the veligers of Cuthona amoena A. and H. The Nautilus 55: 80–82.
- Salvini‐Plawen L, Benayahu Y (1991) Epimenia arabica spec, nov., a Solenogaster (Mollusca) Feeding on the Alcyonacean Scleronephthya corymbosa (Cnidaria) from Shallow Waters of the Red Sea. Marine Ecology 12(2): 139–152. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.1991.tb00248.x
- Salvini-Plawen L (1967) Über die Beziehungen zwischen den Merkmalen von Standort, Nahrung und Verdauungstrakt von Solenogastres (Aculifera: Aplacophora). Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere 59: 318–340. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00406755
- Salvini-Plawen L (1968) Beiträge zur Systematik der niederen Mollusken (Contributions to the systematics of the lower molluscs). Marine Biological Association of India, Proceedings Symposium 3/Mol 1: 248–356.
- Salvini-Plawen L (1972) Cnidaria as food-sources for marine invertebrates. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 13(3): 385–400.
- Salvini-Plawen L (1978) Antarktische Und Subantarktische Solenogastres. Eine Monographie: 1898–1974. Zoologica (Stuttgart) 128: 1–155.
- Salvini-Plawen L (1981) The molluscan digestive system in evolution. Malacologia 21(1–2): 371–401.
- Salvini-Plawen L (1985). Early evolution and the Primitive Groups. In: Trueman ER, Clarke MR (Eds) The Mollusca. Volume 10. Evolution. Academy Press, Orlando, 59–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-751410-9.50010-1
- Salvini-Plawen L (1988) The structure and function of molluscan digestive systems. In: Trueman ER, Clarke MR (Eds) The Mollusca. Volume 11. Form and Function. Academic Press, London, 301–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-751411-6.50019-9
- Salvini-Plawen L (2003) Contributions to West-Mediterranean Solenogastres (Mollusca) with three new species. Iberus: Revista de la Sociedad Española de Malacología 21(2): 37–60.
- Salvini‐Plawen LV, Benayahu. (1991) Epimenia arabica spec, nov., a Solenogaster (Mollusca) Feeding on the Alcyonacean Scleronephthya corymbosa (Cnidaria) from Shallow Waters of the Red Sea. Marine Ecology (Berlin) 12(2): 139–152. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.1991.tb00248.x
- Scheltema AH (1999) New eastern Atlantic neomenioid aplacophoran molluscs (Neomeniamorpha, Aplacophora). Ophelia 51(1): 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/00785326.1999.10409397
- Scheltema AH, Schander C, Kocot KM (2012) Hard and soft anatomy in two genera of Dondersiidae (Mollusca, Aplacophora, Solenogastres). The Biological Bulletin 222(3): 233–269. https://doi.org/10.1086/BBLv222n3p233
- Schuchert P (2001) Hydroids of Greenland and Iceland (cnidaria, hydrozoa) (Vol. 53). Museum Tusculanum Press. https://doi.org/10.7146/mogbiosci.v53.142616
- Schuchert (2007) The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Filifera Part 2. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 114: 195–396. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.80395
- Schuchert (2016) On the gonotheca of Egmundella producta (G.O. Sars, 1874) n. comb. (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Revue suisse de Zoologie 123(2): 219–225. https:/doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.155157
- Schwabl M (1955) Rupertomenia fodiens nov. gen., nov. spec. eine neue Lepidomeniidae von der Südwestküste Schwedens. Österreichische Zoologische Zeitschrift 6(1–2): 90–146.
- Sigwart JD, Chen C, Kamenev GM, Machado FM, Schwabe E (2025) Distribution patterns of deep-sea molluscs from the Bering Sea and Aleutian Trench. Progress in Oceanography 233: 103440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2025.103440
- Stier AC, Osenberg CW (2024) How fishes and invertebrates impact coral resilience. Current Biology: CB 34(13): R613–R615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.05.071
- Taylor J, Devey C, Le Saout M, Petersen S, Frutos I, Linse K, Lörz A-N, Pałgan D, Tandberg AH, Svavarsson J, Thorhallsson D, Tomkowicz A, Egilsdóttir H, Ragnarsson SÁ, Renz J, Markhaseva EL, Gollner S, Paulus E, Kongsrud J, Beermann J, Kocot KM, Meißner K, Bartholomä A, Hoffman L, Vannier P, Marteinsson VÞ, Rapp HT, Díaz-Agras G, Tato R, Brix S (2021) The Discovery and Preliminary Geological and Faunal Descriptions of Three New Steinahóll Vent Sites, Reykjanes Ridge, Iceland. Frontiers in Marine Science 8: 520713. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.520713
- Thiele J (1913a) Antarktische Solenogastren. Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition, 1901–1903, im Auftrage des Reichsamtes des Innern, 14. Zoologie 6(1): 35–65.
- Thiele J (1913b) Ein neuer Solenogaster von Spitzbergen. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde Berlin, 1913 (2), 160–162. Todt C (2013) Aplacophoran mollusks – Still obscure and difficult? American Malacological Bulletin 31(1): 181–187. https://doi.org/10.4003/006.031.0110
- Todt C, Salvini-Plawen L (2004) Ultrastructure and Histochemistry of the foregut in Wirenia argentea and Genitoconia rosea (Mollusca, Solenogastres). Zoomorphology 123: 65–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00435-003-0089-9
- Todt C, Wanninger A (2010) Solenogastres (Neomeniamorpha). In: Ponder WF, Lindberg DR (Eds) Handbook of Zoology, Volume 3, Mollusca. Berlin, 1–29.
- Wägele H, Klussmann-Kolb A (2005) Opisthobranchia (Mollusca, Gastropoda)–more than just slimy slugs. Shell reduction and its implications on defense and foraging. Frontiers in Zoology 2: 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-9994-2-3
- Wägele H, Knezevic K, Moustafa AY (2022) Defensive acid-secreting glands in Cypraeoidea (Caenogastropoda, Mollusca). Molluscan Research 42(4): 320–327. https://doi.org/10.1080/13235818.2022.2124581
- Watson JE (2011) New species, new records and redescriptions of thecate hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Leptothecata) from Southern Australia. Zootaxa 3122(1): 1–36. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3122.1.1
- Winters AE, White AM, Dewi AS, Mudianta IW, Wilson NG, Forster LC, Garson MJ, Cheney KL (2018) Distribution of defensive metabolites in nudibranch molluscs. Journal of Chemical Ecology 44: 384–396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-018-0941-5
- Wirén A (1892). Studien über die Solenogastren Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 25(6): 1–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03017566
- Yap-Chiongco MK, Bergmeier FS, Roberts NG, Jörger KM, Kocot KM (2024) Phylogenomic reconstruction of Solenogastres (Mollusca, Aplacophora) informs hypotheses on body size evolution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 194: 108029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2024.108029
- Zamarro M, García-Álvarez O, Urgorri V (2019) Biodiversity of the genus Hemimenia (Mollusca, Solenogastres, Neomeniamorpha) in Galician waters (NW Spain) with the description of three new species. Iberus : Revista de la Sociedad Española de Malacología 37(2): 177–207.
- Zhulay I, Iken K, Renaud PE, Bluhm BA (2019) Epifaunal communities across marine landscapes of the deep Chukchi Borderland (Pacific Arctic). Deep-sea Research. Part I, Oceanographic Research Papers 151: 103065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2019.06.011