Climate-Resilient Design Strategies for Urban Drainage Systems in Coastal Ghana

Urban drainage systems in coastal Ghana are vulnerable to climate-induced flooding due to rising sea levels and increased intensity of rainfall events. A mixed-methods approach combining hydrological modelling with stakeholder consultations to evaluate and refine design strategies for sustainable urban flood management. Hydrological models indicated a need for increased stormwater infiltration capacity in ATMA, especially along the coastal belt where sea levels could rise by up to 50 cm by . Designing drainage systems with enhanced permeability and elevated flood walls is recommended to ensure resilience against projected climate change risks within the next three decades. Implement a phased approach integrating green infrastructure such as bioswales, permeable pavements, and rooftop gardens into urban planning policies. The maintenance outcome was modelled as $Y_{it}=\beta_0+\beta_1X_{it}+u_i+\varepsilon_{it}$, with robustness checked using heteroskedasticity-consistent errors.