Bibliometric analysis on the climatic effects of green buildings and artificial ıntelligence research trends

In recent years, increasing environmental pressure has significantly altered ecological and social structures in different regions of the world. According to the IPCC (2023), the rise in greenhouse gas concentrations, caused by human activity, is generating significant changes in the climate system. The United Nations Environment Programme emphasizes that these changes not
only affect the climate system but also impact water resources, health, and economic stability. Since the built environment produces significant amounts of greenhouse gas emissions, the construction sector has become a crucial area of focus for sustainability (United Nations Environment Programme [UNEP] & Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction [GlobalABC], 2021). Therefore, sustainable construction and strategies to reduce CO₂ emissions have become important strategies for mitigating environmental impacts and increasing resilience in different regions of the world. Climate change is a consequence of the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased ambient temperatures and disruption of the climate system. According to the IPCC (2023), the current increase in ambient temperatures can be attributed to human activities. From a physical perspective, climate change manifests itself through rising ambient temperatures, melting glaciers, and rising sea levels, among other effects. These effects include decreased agricultural productivity, water scarcity, and significant losses in
various ecosystems (IPCC, 2023). Increased urbanization has led to the formation of impermeable surfaces, significantly altering soil characteristics and generating major physical impacts on the climate system. These impacts include increased land surface temperature (LST) and the urban heat island (UHI) effect (Mohamed et al., 2025). Due to climate change, the intensification of hydrological cycles and precipitation patterns increases the tendency for rainfall to be sudden, shortlived, and high-intensity. This increases the likelihood of flooding and surface water accumulation (IPCC, 2021). The presence of impermeable surfaces that
prevent rainwater infiltration into the soil further complicates this situation, thus increasing the probability of flooding.
Another physical impact of climate change on urbanization is the expansion of urban areas and the disruption of ecological continuity. The expansion of urban areas alters vegetation, permeability, water storage capacity, and microclimates, thus destabilizing ecological continuity. This destabilization reduces the capacity of vegetation to regulate temperature and mitigate global warming (Seto et al., 2012). Therefore, the expansion and growth of urban areas destabilize their ability to regulate temperature, making them more susceptible to temperature increases caused by climate change. The temperature increase caused by climate change affects building facades in the following ways: it increases heat gain in buildings. This situation
requires prolonged use of air conditioning equipment, which increases electricity consumption. Therefore, building facades must be able to withstand the increased heat gain caused by climate change, and not just the stability of weather conditions (Sánchez-García & Bienvenido-Huertas, 2023). When assessing the socioeconomic impacts of climate change, it has been found that it affects economic costs, social inequality, and quality of life. The temperature increase caused by the urban heat island effect increases energy consumption for cooling. This raises energy costs and reduces the budget allocated to basic needs. For people in low-income and poorly insulated areas, this results in a cost-of-living crisis. In summary, increased physical warming causes economic strain, and economic strain leads to social vulnerability (OECD, 2015; IPCC, 2022). Another effect is that access to green spaces tends to be preserved in high-income areas, while low-income groups are confined to concrete areas, far from vegetation and microclimate comfort (IPCC, 2022).