Research grounding for a bilateral venture capital model of PhD programs

A PhD system built on a 19th-century apprenticeship model is failing by nearly every empirical measure — ~40–50% attrition, depression rates six times the general population, and tenure-track placement below 15% in many fields — while venture capital has spent four decades perfecting bilateral contracts that manage exactly the risks PhD programs ignore: information asymmetry, moral hazard, hold-up, and misaligned incentives. The literature across economics, education policy, signaling theory, and AI research converges on a striking conclusion: the structural tools to fix the PhD already exist in VC contract design, but academia has never imported them. This research compendium maps the evidentiary landscape across six domains to ground the argument.